Problems and opportunities of retailing in the US “Inner City”

In recent years, a number of large-scale retailers have established stores in the Inner City areas of the major cities in the United States. This paper relies upon a number of theories put forth by scholars in geography, sociology, and urban planning to understand the experience of Pathmark Stores, Inc. as it attempted to place a full-service supermarket in New York City’s Harlem. The study considers why establishment of large-scale stores in Inner City areas may represent important opportunities for profit, but discusses why they may also disrupt long-standing economic and societal relationships of neighborhoods and be a source of conflict among competing local factions.     

Occupational illness in the hospitality industry: “Sick Buildings” and the bottom line

When the poor quality of the air inside a building results in the building's inhabitants' becoming ill, the problem may be “sick-building syndrome.”     

Breaking the “Bamboo Curtain” and the “Glass Ceiling”: The Experience of Women Entrepreneurs in High-Tech Industries in an Emerging Market

Despite the role women play in job creation, economic growth and society revitalization, especially in economies undergoing fundamental transformations, issues emerging from women in entrepreneurship have not received adequate attention in academic research. As a result, our understanding of women entrepreneurship in emerging markets as well as in nontraditional industries is even more limited. In this study, I attempt to partially fill the gap by comparing entrepreneurial orientations and venture performance between men and women entrepreneurs in electronics industry in Chinese transition economy. I offer insights gained from statistical analyses based on a survey as well as case study. Results reveal that while women are influenced by the same factors that affect decision making among men and exhibit some similarities, they differ from men in their willingness to take more risks and make bolder moves in pursuit of greater returns and future competitive advantage. In addition, women entrepreneurs outperform their male counterparts. I compare these findings with existing literature and offer suggestions for future research. Justin Tan is Professor and the Newmont Chair in Business Strategy in the Schulich School of Business at York University in Canada. He is also a Distinguished Visiting Professor in the Guanghua School of Management at Peking University in China. His research has been appeared in academic journals such as Strategic Management Journal, Journal of Management, Journal of Management Studies, among others. He serves as editor, associate editor, guest editor, and reviewer for most leading management journals. His research has been supported by Ford Foundation, Fulbright Foundation, among others.     

Tax Policies and the “Going-out” Strategy

In recent years,with the rapid development of China＇s economy,more and more Chinese enterprises have actively begun to participate in international competition,and exerted such tremendous influence that they are playing an increasingly significant role in international trade and cooperation. But since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2007,the road for Chinese domestic     

University spin-offs and the “performance premium”

The creation of spin-off companies is often promoted as a desirable mechanism for transferring knowledge and technologies from research organizations to the private sector for commercialization. In the promotion process, policymakers typically treat these “university” spin-offs like industry start-ups. However, when university spin-offs involve an employment transition by a researcher from the not-for-profit sector, the creation of a university spin-off is likely to impose a higher social cost than the creation of an industry start-up. To offset this higher social cost, university spin-offs must produce a larger stream of social benefits than industry start-ups, a performance premium. This paper outlines the arguments explaining why the social costs of entrepreneurship are likely to be higher for academic entrepreneurs, and empirically investigates the existence of a performance premium using a sample of German start-up companies. We find that university spin-offs exhibit a performance premium of 3.4 % points higher employment growth over industry start-ups. The analysis also shows that the performance premium varies across types of academic entrepreneurs and founders’ academic disciplines.     

Protection of diffuse interests in the EEC and the perspective of “progressively establishing” an internal market

Present Community action and law is characterised by a conflict between market integration, protection of diffuse interests, and the rule-of-law principle. Community law first concentrated on negative integration which created and protected traders' freedom of market access and workers' freedom of circulation. By Court practice, these freedoms were developed into a basic right of EEC citizens to move freely within the EEC and to satisfy their demands wherever they wanted. Positive integration tried to establish common protective standards in matters relating to the environment, consumer protection, health care, and equal rights. The Single Act, ratified in 1987, amended the EEC Treaty by the objective of completing the internal market by the end of 1992. These provisions can only to a limited extent be said to have a direct effect. Positive integration has been reinforced by provisions on environmental and health policy. In his concluding remarks, the author insists on the need for an overall expansion of protective standards within the EEC in spite of tendencies towards a mere free trade approach.

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Zusammenfassung Die gegenwärtigen Aktivitäten der Gemeinschaft sowie das europäische Wirtschaftsrecht sind von einer komplexen Spannungslage zwischen Marktintegration, Schutz diffuser Interessen (Umweltschutz, Verbraucherschutz usw.) und rechtsstaatlich-demokratischen Anforderungen beherrscht. Zunächst konzentrierte sich das Gemeinschaftsrecht auf Maßnahmen der sog. Negativintegration, um dem Marktbürger Zugang zu dem Gemeinsamen Markt und Arbeitnehmern Zirkulationsfreiheit zu gewährleisten. Die Praxis des Gerichtshofes der EG hat diese Marktfreiheiten zu grundrechtsähnlichen Gewährleistungen aller Bürger i.S. einer Entscheidungs- und Aufenthaltsfreiheit ausgebaut. Die Positivintegration versuchte, gemeinsame Schutzstandards in den Bereichen Gleichbehandlung, Umwelt, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz durch sekundäres Gemeinschaftsrecht zu schaffen. Die 1987 ratifizierte Einheitliche Europäische Akte hat das Ziel der Gemeinschaft festgeschrieben, bis Ende 1992 den Binnenmarkt als Raum ohne Binnengrenzen zu verwirklichen.Die unmittelbare Wirkung dieser Vorschriften bleibt allerdings fraglich. Die Positivintegration ist durch Kompetenzen im Bereich Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz abgesichert worden. In einer Schlußbetrachtung wird auf die Notwendigkeit EG-einheitlicher Schutzstandards ungeachtet des Vorherrschens von Freihandelsvorstellungen hingewiesen.

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Norbert Reich is Professor of Civil Law, Commercial Law and European Legal Policy at the University of Bremen and Managing Director of the Centre for European Legal Policy, Universitätsallee GW 1, D-2800 Bremen 33, FRG.The article is based on a speech at the University of Helsinki on May 20, 1988, and was previously published in the Finnish legal journal Juridiska Föreningens Tidskrift. The author thanks his Finnish colleague Thomas Wilhelmsson, University of Helsinki, for stimulating discussions of previous drafts and for allowing publication in JCP.     

“Buy National” and protectionism in the great recession — Can it work?

Against the backdrop of the considerable increase in protectionist measures that could be observed during the recent fi nancial crisis, this article investigates the following questions: Are “Buy National” clauses a suitable instrument to internalise the externality that arises because the stimulating effect of “general”, non-discriminatory government spending is distributed among many countries, while the cost of the stimulus is borne by only one country? Are shortterm trade policies, like import tariffs, export subsidies and “Buy National” policies, suitable policies to mitigate an economic downturn?     

“Gultural Fower”in the Decisive Battle of the Beauty Market

During its six-year development in China, Balincan created market miracles one after another! They are well known both in market management and unique branding characteristics. Therefore, the "Balincan Phenomenon "emerged on the market, and even has caught the eyes of analysts, who made Balincan a research subject. But what is behind the stunning phenomenon? To explore the secret, China's Foreign Trade interviewed Balincan. By Editor     

On the crisis of the “liberalization policy” in the economics of interdependence

In spite of all protestations and exhortations it is a fact that trade liberalization, the modern version of free trade, is caught in a crisis. Professor Detlef Lorenz is here analysing the causes of this crisis and suggesting alternatives for a future liberalization policy.     

“New Normal” implications for global talent in the wake of economic nationalism and slowdown

As a result of global economies' protectionist policies, followed by economic nationalism and a downturn, there is a shortage of talent with the requisite skills, knowledge, and abilities to meet the contingencies amid COVID-19. The recent developments have necessitated multinational businesses to manage their talent in a new international business context. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of the “New Normal” for global talent which is manifested by economic nationalism and slowdown. This study used an inductive method to qualitative research, conducted in-depth interviews with 28 top executives from multinational corporations. The implications for the global talent emerged from the current study as skill enhancement based on the emerged business model; training and development pertinent to new responsibilities and activities; adaptability to changes in the macroenvironment; emphasis on employee proactivity, experimentation, and risk-taking; emphasis on hyperspecialization to take on contract positions; global talent needs to participate in remote learning; global talent must emphasize on mental health issues; and registering in talent exchange programs to fill talent skill shortages.     

Progress Made in the News Briefing Service and the Spokesperson System

＂In 2005, the State Council Information Office （SCIO） strengthened its government news briefing service in the spirit of offering more information, while constantly improving the planning and organizing of press conferences and the competence of spokespersons. Notable progress was made in shaping an institutionalized, standardized and specialized government news briefing and spokesperson system. Three impressive features of this system stand out.＂     

Analysing Household and Intra-urban Variants in the Consumption of Financial Services: Uncovering “Exclusion” in an English City

This study provides an empirical assessment of the socioeconomic factors that determine household exclusion from consumer financial services. A unique microeconomic data set, of interview data, collected from a representative cross-sectional sample of 1005 households is analysed using logistic regression techniques. In investigating exclusion from consumer financial services, both financial self-exclusion and institutional-led financial exclusion are examined. Indicators of financial self-exclusion include the absence of a savings account or home contents insurance, whilst indicators of institutional-led financial exclusion include the use of “doorstep lenders.” Findings show that both measures of financial self-exclusion are determined by income, education, age, housing tenure, and social participation, whilst financial exclusion is generally associated with socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, housing tenure, working status, income, disability, and the presence of young people in household but not with respondents’ residential area, education level, internet use, and social participation. These results offer useful insights to policy makers and financial services providers in terms of the range and mix of policies and instruments that local and central Government can deploy to address exclusion.     

“Watch that Space! The County Hierarchy in Firm Births and Deaths in the UK, 1980–1999”

The paper investigates the relationships between registrations, de-registrations and population density at county level in the UK using VAT data for 20 years over the period 1980–1999. The rationale for this is based on the need to understand how the extent to which, in different parts of the UK, differences in the relationship between birth rates and death rates combine to produce an interpretable pattern in net birth rates. The analysis of the net birth rate shows that a strategy aimed at the net birth rate might, in principle, just as well aim at reducing business failure, rather than raising the birth rate. Indeed this might be more efficient, since it implies that less start-ups are “wasted^” as it would avoid the necessity, if targets are to be reached, of encouraging those individuals who are patently unsuited to running their own business into business ownership.     

“Teaching the Sushi Chef”: Hybridization Work and CSR Integration in a Japanese Multinational Company

While corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized as taking on various national meanings and practices, research has not sufficiently investigated how multinational companies (MNC) simultaneously achieve global CSR integration and local CSR adaptation. Building on a qualitative case study carried out at ASICS, an MNC headquartered in Japan, we show how this organizational dilemma may be solved through hybridization work, a form of institutional work performed by CSR managers in subsidiaries to combine and adapt different institutional approaches to CSR. By developing the notion of hybridization work, we contribute by (1) revealing a set of practices that contribute to institutional change within organizations and (2) enriching the study of CSR organizational change and international business by showing how hybridization Work leads to a greater organizational integration between core and periphery, and by identifying the triggering factors for subsidiary initiative in CSR.     

Global competition and diffusion of the “A”list

Focusing on the global diffusion of the “A” list consisting of predominantly U.S.-based journals, we argue that such diffusion represents an important form of professionalization in the management of business schools. The diffusion can also be viewed as an intellectual movement in the age of global competition characterized by a flat world. How can we explain the recent diffusion of the “A” list? More important, how does such diffusion impact the future of business and management scholarship? Addressing these important but underexplored questions, we identify the multilevel factors that explain the diffusion, and predict its likely trajectory and its impact on future scholarship.     

China's Imports and Export of Textiles and Apparel in the Q1

China's textile and apparel indus try suffered an unprecedented cold market for exports in the first quarter this year,the result of a few factors including:the appreciat- ing RMB,decreasing export rebate rate, expanding influence of the U.S.subprime crisis,increasing costs of production and rising labor cost.The latest statistics, however,show that the textile and apparel     

Business and State in the development of the steel industry in Spain and Italy (c.1880–1929)

In the mid-nineteenth century, the Spanish and Italian steel industries were significantly less developed than those of the more advanced countries in Europe. From the mid-1880s, heavy industry in these two countries experienced considerable growth, particularly the steel sector, due to two very different strategies. In the case of Italy, state intervention was so frequent and significant that it has even been referred to as an early state capitalism. In Spain, on the other hand, the sector’s development was based principally on the private initiative. This article seeks to shed light on the interaction between government institutions and business organisations in the implementation of the development strategies of the two countries.