A cohort analysis of household vehicle expenditure in the U.S. and Japan: A possibility of generational marketing

This paper shows the usefulness of cohort analysis for generational marketing. Aggregate data classified by age and period are decomposed into age, period, and generational cohort effects. We compare two cohort-analysis models, the constrained multiple regression model and the Bayesian cohort model. The empirical results that are common to the household vehicle expenditure ratio in the U.S. and Japan are as follows: (1) among a total of three effects, the period effect is the smallest; (2) with the exception of the latest birth cohort, the cohort effect shows a clear upward trend; (3) the age effect decreases in the 20s and 30s, and next increases with a peak detected in the late 50s, and finally decreases. We provide marketing implications for cohort segmentation and forecasting.     

Household production time by sex and employment status: a cross-national comparison between Finland and the U.S.A.

Two time-budget studies, from Finland and the U.S.A., were examined across nations and across sexes with regard to household production time in two parent, two-child households. Time-use difference in various household activity categories (basic housework, child- and member-care, maintenance, and shopping and management) were analysed according to respondents' employment status. Three-way analysis of variance revealed that all three variables, nationality, sex and employment status made a significant difference in the time-use mean scores. Part-time employed Finnish men allocated more time to household production than other Finnish men. The equality ratios confirmed that women in both countries carry the heaviest burden in the house-hold work, especially in traditionally female basic housework tasks. In Finnish households the equality ratios were consistently smaller than in the U.S. households indicating a more egalitarian division of household work. Implications for future cross-national time-use research including gender issues are discussed.     

Antecedents of Taiwan Chinese Consumers’ Purchase Intentions Toward U.S.- and Japanese-Made Household Appliances

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to understand the factors influencing Taiwan's Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions toward U.S. and Japanese household appliances. The authors attempt to develop and test a comprehensive model linking such purchase intentions to several constructs including Taiwan Chinese consumers’ openness to foreign cultures, consumer nationalism, product familiarity, traditional cultural values orientation, and product-country image. The result of analysis using structural equation modeling shows that consumer nationalism has a strong indirect effect on purchase intention via the product-country image construct. Taiwan Chinese consumers’ traditional cultural values orientation and openness to foreign cultures have direct effects on consumer nationalism and, hence, are important antecedents in explaining the purchase intentions toward foreign-made goods by Taiwan Chinese consumers. With the growing importance of the Chinese domestic market, this study provides international marketing managers with practical implications in important areas such as market segmentation, branding strategy, and market research and practices in the Chinese consumer market.     

美国家庭债务与消费同步运动的周期性研究

美国家庭债务是战后美国经济运行的重要微观机制之一,对近70年来美国家庭消费与债务经济的发展有着极为重要的作用。21世纪以来美国家庭债务的爆炸式增长引发了学界对美国家庭债务与消费内在关系的广泛关注。本文旨在探讨美国家庭债务与消费行为的内在关系与动态变化,在分析二战以来美国家庭债务规模的历史演变与发展趋势的基础上,分析美国实际家庭债务与消费增长之间的同步运动特征,并利用LSTR非线性模型定量验证和探讨美国家庭债务与消费同步运动的周期规律。研究结果表明,家庭债务与消费的内在关联性随着经济环境的变化而变化,在经济扩张阶段与经济收缩阶段呈现出差异性的同步运动规律,家庭债务与消费同步运动具有明显的周期特征,与经济的周期运行具有较高的耦合度。     

The Retail Travels of the U.S. Greenback: A Comparative Study of Currency Substitution Along the U.S.-Canadian and U.S.-Mexican Borders

This currency substitution study explores the extent of retail firm-level U.S. dollar acceptance in Canada and Mexico. Employing a stratified random sampling approach of retail business in the border region, results demonstrate that all Mexican firms (N = 300/300) and nearly all Canadian (N = 257/261) firms accept the U.S. dollar in retail transactions. Of greater interest is the difference between firms in the two countries in how acceptance of the U.S. dollar is operationalized. On average, U.S. dollar sales of Canadian border firms comprise just 3.4% of total sales whereas U.S. dollar sales of Mexican firms encompass 23.7% of total sales. Our results also indicate a stark contrast as to the effective exchange rate for U.S. dollar acceptance— Canadian firms typically charge a premium (2.1% on average) while 69.3% of Mexican firms transacted business at a discount (?0.8% on average). Additional analyses further refine the currency substitution distinctions between Canadian and Mexican firms in the sample including a logistical regression which reveals significant differences as to firm-level predictors of U.S. dollar acceptance (whether at a discount or premium).     

Ethics and self-regulation for CPAs in the U.S.A.

This paper explores three questions: (1) Why should Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), as a group, adhere to their code of ethics? (2) Why should an individual CPA adhere to the code? (3) Of what significance are the answers to these questions in regards to possible changes in the accounting curriculum and the CPA profession's present concern for self-regulation through quality control reviews? The paper concludes that all college accounting majors should be required to take an ethics course and that the current quality review program should be mandatory, not voluntary.     

Pricing in marketing strategies of U.S.- and foreign-based companies

This study examines the role of pricing in marketing plans of U.S.- and foreign-based companies operating in the United States. Concurrently, two other issues, centrality of pricing decisions and pricing objectives, are examined. One objective of this study is to complement prior research, which has suggested the existence of managerial differences in other marketing and nonmarketing areas between U.S.- and foreign-based firms.The results, based on a mail survey and personal interviews, show that some differences exist between the U.S.- and foreign-based firms so far as the pricing element of their marketing plans is concerned. Pricing decisions are also shown to be more centrally made in the U.S.-based firms than in the foreign-based firms. Distribution of pricing objectives of the two types of firms, however, were not significantly different from one another. Group mean scores for pricing objectives, on the other hand, do suggest some fundamental differences.     

Evaluative criteria for purchasing leisurewear: Taiwanese and U.S. students in a U.S. university

The purpose of this research was to provide exploratory information relating to the young consumer market in terms of purchase criteria for leisurewear. Data were obtained from 105 Taiwanese and 126 U.S. students at a major mid-western U.S. university. Direct hand-in questionnaires were employed to obtain a higher usable questionnaire rate. Purchase criteria used for this survey were price, style, brand, fabrication, size/fit, media exposure, colour, country of origin, and quality. Several factors under each criterion were provided. Students were asked to rank the importance of each criterion/factor. Results indicated that much similarity existed between these two groups of students in purchasing leisurewear. However, U.S. students rated highest (in descending order) price, size/fit, style and quality while Taiwanese students ranked highest (in descending order) price, style, quality and size/fit.     

投资美国需要注意些什么

中美两国经贸关系，随着20多年前《中美贸易关系协定》的签定、相互给予最惠国待遇，迅速发展，贸易额连年增长。进一步推动中美两国的经贸发展，显然是符合两国人民根本利益的。在全球经济一体化的大背景下，在中国企业“走出去”呼声日高的今天，如何解读美国的投资环境？[编者按]     

并非单纯贸易纠纷--评析美国钢铁保障措施案

WTO上诉机关于2003年 11月10日公布了对轰动一时的美国钢铁保障措施案的终审裁决,维持该案专家组2003年7月的裁定。即:认为美国从2002年3月6日起对热轧、冷轧钢材与不锈钢材等10种钢铁产品采取的保障措施违背了世贸组织的有关规则,作为原告的欧盟、日本、中国、     

美国纺职业反倾销已显端倪

亚洲金融危机后,亚洲货币贬值促使亚洲廉价纺织品大量销往美国市场,给美纺织业造成极大冲击;加之北美自由贸易协定亦使美国纺织业面临压力,纺织业规模大幅缩小.据资料显示,2000年美国的纺织品和服装的进口量同比增长了14.8%,美国纺织业亏损5.19亿美元,第一次呈负增长.日前,美国的纺织品和服装企业向美国政府提出,针对进口的增长,应根据WTO的有关规定,限制外国的纺织品和服装向美国出口.     

An Inquiry into the Effects of U.S. Multinationals on U.S. Intraindustry Trade

Abstract

This study is among the first to examine the relations and interrelations among variables that measure the activities of U.S. multinational enterprises and their affiliates through the use of data that has recently become available. None of the results seem to contradict, and a large number seem to corroborate many hypotheses of contemporary international trade and global marketing theory. An important finding is that a strong gross complementarity between the variables exists which results in the values of these variables increasing simultaneously. Hence, the levels of intraindustry and international trade also increase simultaneously. However, it is found that net substitution relations exists between a number of pairs of the variables considered.     

论美国国会与对外贸易法的制定与执行

在美国三权分立政体下,对外贸易法律的制定和执行是国会、总统交互作用的复杂过程。国会一方面通过授权总统扩大自由贸易;另一方面又建立完善的进口救济制度来平衡贸易保护主义的利益。国会还把相当的权力委托给国际贸易法院由其行使司法审查权,防止行政机关滥用授权。美国贸易政策的制订权往往是在行政部门和立法部门之间进行分配,法院通常奉行"司法克制"的态度,通常避免就国会和总统之间在对外政策领域的权力关系问题进行裁决。但其一旦决定介入,必然成为最终的决定性因素。