山东省城市化问题浅析

简述了山东城市化的发展历程及发展现状,论述了山东城市化发展中存在的城市化水平偏低、城市化地区差异大、城市基础设施普遍薄弱以及农村剩余劳动力出路等问题;从城市规划、城市产业结构的调整以及农业产业化和现代化等方面提出了山东城市化发展的相应对策与措施;对山东城市化水平做出了预测。     

RURAL PLANNING: PROBLEMS AND POLICIES

Over the last decade there has been an increase in concern, expressed by a variety of interests, about the countryside. Increasing agricultural intensification has been accompanied by changes in the rural landscape and a decline in other areas of the rural economy. There is concern about conservation, wildlife protection and ecological balance, while demands for recreation and access are growing. Conflicting policies can be observed in the various agencies responsible for the management of the countryside. There is a realisation that rural policy should be more comprehensive and co-ordinated but there are divergent views on the degree of intervention and the means by which it is implemented. This paper examines the nature of the problem of ‘rural planning’ as it obtains at the present time.     

四川省农业生态旅游功能区差异分析及发展建议

为了满足人们越来越丰富的旅游需求,农业生态旅游已经成为一种新的旅游形式得以迅速发展起来。农业生态旅游不仅可以让游客享受新鲜空气、欣赏乡野风光,还可以使游客对乡村的民俗生活进行了解与体验。四川省作为我国的农业与旅游大省,因其个性化的地形地貌、水域及气候等特征,而具备发展农业生态旅游的天然独特优势。文章在厘清生态旅游、农业生态旅游、旅游功能区等概念的基础上,通过分析四川省农业生态旅游功能区发展现状及存在问题,其中现状是具有天然资源优势、丰富旅客来源及良好的扶持政策等差异性,问题是缺乏规划、影响环境,区域偏僻、交通不便,粗放经营、形式单一等,提出积极开发农业生态旅游资源、着重设计地方特色旅游项目、促进农业与旅游业联合发展、坚持开发与保护并举的策略等建议,以此为发展四川省农业生态旅游提供参考。     

Rural land ownership in the United Kingdom: Changing patterns and future possibilities for land use

The broad pattern of rural land ownership exhibits quite modest change over the past 30 years, but this impression is misleading. It understates substantial changes in property rights, evidence of which is not readily available from published statistics. These changes reflect the growing urbanisation of the countryside, which has required owners to pay more attention to consumption interests, sometimes at the expense of traditional agricultural and forestry interests, which in turn have experienced mixed fortunes. Rural land is expected to supply, and is increasingly valued in terms of, multiple goods and services.Major trends in ownership, occupancy and land prices are reviewed, noting that the divisibility and flexibility of the bundle of rights which constitute ownership have allowed holders to respond to urban pressures and farming difficulties with practices including short-term leasing, contracting, supplying life-style residential properties and accommodating increased environmental regulation. But linking land use to land ownership type is difficult, not least because there are many other drivers of land-use change. Moreover, local and individual circumstances are now more significant than in the past, not least the ageing occupational structure of farming. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of some of the political, economic and environmental drivers that may affect future land ownership patterns.     

THE RURAL POOR AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY IN THE DRY ZONES OF SOUTHERN ASIA

In contributing to the appraisal and evalution of technological innovation, agricultural economists have a major but changing role to play. Whereas hitherto the concern has been chiefly to compare sharply different exogenous and indigenous technologies, the challenge now is to assess technological change of either or both these kinds

• ? in ecologically sensitive and relatively unproductive areas
• ? when the bulk of the people are poor and survival is the most common preoccupation
• ? where innovations could impinge at many points in household life-systems but are, singly, likely to have only small impact
• ? where the institutional structure will be crucial to their acceptance and might itself have to change.

     

Adoption of agricultural land management technologies by smallholder farmers in the Jos Plateau,Nigeria

Against a background of growing concern about the adverse effects of agricultural land degradation due to accelerated soil erosion, nutrient depletion and high population pressure, farmers in the Jos Plateau, Nigeria have adopted biological and structural land management practices, though the degree of adoption of such practices varies from one farm household to another. This study, based on a survey of 150 farm households, employed a stepwise multiple linear regression model to analyse the factors significantly influencing the adoption of land management technologies. The results of the analysis revealed four variables, namely, extension service, agricultural labour force, accelerated soil erosion and out-migration, explaining nearly 90% of the variation in the range of land management technologies adopted. The first three of these variables have positive influences on adoption. Extension service appeared to be the strongest, impacting on skills in the agricultural labour force. Policy recommendations are made in line with the findings of the analysis.     

Mixed farming in Africa: the search for order, the search for sustainability

This paper examines the interest in the development and promotion of mixed farming in sub-Saharan Africa. For over 70 years mixed farming has been a dominant model for agricultural development despite the limited success of many of the programmes which have specifically promoted it. It is suggested that the establishment of mixed farming as a strong development theme is related to its promise to address a range of environmental and social concerns, and in so doing, help create order out of a ‘chaotic’ African countryside. Mixed farming is again being highlighted with the more recent interest in sustainable, environmentally friendly agricultural systems. However, there is considerable evidence that African farmers have adopted a flexible principles-based approach to the use of component technologies commonly associated with the mixed farming model. This must be fully acknowledged, and the seduction of unitary models avoided, if agricultural research is to contribute efficiently to the development of more sustainable farming systems.     

黄淮海区域循环农业发展的认识与思考

黄淮海区域是我国重要的农产品生产基地。随着区域经济与社会发展,农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便等大量废弃物的综合利用已成为国家及区域农业可持续发展的重要议题。该文紧紧围绕循环农业所倡导的"4R"原则,提出了以农田循环为基础,链接农户循环,铸造农村循环,构建农田—农户—农村"三位一体"的循环农业发展的空间尺度;循环农业的组织形式应以政府为主体,拉动农户,联动合作经济组织,引导农业龙头企业参与;黄淮海区域未来5~10年循环农业的发展应以秸秆原位全量还田循环利用、秸秆菌业循环利用生产和秸秆养畜循环利用生产等为主导模式,并研发创新相应的接口技术,以期建立黄淮海区域农业废弃物高效利用的循环农业生产模式和体系。     

Agri‐environmental Instruments for an Integrated Rural Policy: An Economic Analysis

The new Rural Development Regulation of the EU reflects the shift of attention within rural areas from agricultural production towards rural development and embraces both farmers and non‐farm residents. While agricultural production is required to comply with environmental standards, rural areas also have to fulfil the growing demand for landscape, outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation. This paper develops a model of a rural area where farmers and non‐farm residents live together. A central government uses a combination of two‐policy instruments ‐ direct compensation payments and public services ‐ aimed at encouraging farmers to adopt environmentally beneficial practices and at the same time to increase the provision of countryside amenities and the sustained vitality of the rural area. The optimal mix of the policy instruments is evaluated under various governmental objectives. The analysis suggests that a combination of direct payments to farmers with the supply of local public services is a promising tool for rural policy development initiatives in the EU.     

湖南省农村生态环境问题分析及对策

该文从湖南省农村生态环境现状分析入手,指出目前湖南省存在农业生态环境不容乐观,污染物排放量大,面源污染日益突出,点源污染呈现点多面广等特征。结合湖南省农村和农业现状,阐述了湖南省农村生态环境问题的成因。针对宏观、微观两方面,提出了湖南省农村生态环境保护应从国家和省级两个层面出发,切实有效地提出有利于解决湖南省农村生态环境问题的对策。     

农业遗产开发利用视角下的美丽乡村建设研究——以增城市为例

建设“美丽乡村”是城乡统筹发展的必然趋势,是实施“美丽中国”战略的重要途径。当前,国内美丽乡村建设如火如荼,但相关研究仍较为薄弱,可供借鉴的经验尚欠缺,存在不少误区。农业遗产是美丽乡村建设的核心价值所在。增城市拥有大批珍贵的农业遗产,主要体现在：（i）古村落数量多,乡村文化景观价值较高;（2）农业物产富饶,具备厚实的历史文化积淀;（3）节日习俗与民间文艺极具地方特色。增城应当充分发掘农业遗产价值,为美丽乡村建设植入“灵魂”,建议：（1）以线带面,以绿道为引擎,建设旅游乡村;（2）选取重点,申报农业文化遗产,建设文化乡村;（3）产业支撑,“农业一旅游一文化一商贸”融合共进,建设富足乡村;（4）持续发展,发展特色生态农业,建设低碳乡村。     

我国家庭农场发展现状及其对策研究

家庭农场是在我国农村现有基础上建立的,是新型的农业生产主体,是实行农业现代化的金钥匙。家庭农场的出现,既增加农民的收入,又可以实现农业生产的产业化。文章运用文献分析和实地调研相结合的研究方法,分析了当前我国家庭农场的发展现状,即我国家庭农场呈现出经营规模不同、经营品种不同、经营效益较好、具有市场竞争力等明显特征。家庭农场的发展面临大好机遇,但是也存在土地产权认识不明晰、资金短缺、劳动力缺乏等瓶颈问题。并提出明确家庭农场认定标准、引导土地向家庭农场流转、农民的技术培训、完善农业保险、政府给予一定的资金政策等建议,旨在为各地区制定发展家庭农场政策提供参考。     

Modernization of a peasant crop in Colombia: evidence and implications

The survival of the small-farm sector in the process of agricultural modernization in Latin America has been a concern for many authors and institutions. It is generally believed that the small-farm sector is bypassed in the process of agricultural development. The authors analyze modernization of bean/maize cropping systems in Southern Colombia. Prices, production practices and profitability are compared for 1975 and 1989. By means of a production function, the effects of allocative efficiency, technical efficiency and technical change on productivity and profitability are analyzed. The observed changes reflect very well the price trends over the period. Between 1975 and 1989, total factor productivity increased by 50%. Bean/maize producers almost doubled returns to land and labor. Increased technical efficiency had most effect on profitability, followed by technical change. Allocative efficiency had more impact on yields than on profitability because it was associated with high input costs. Considerable opportunities for further productivity increases were identified. Conclusions on the nature of the modernization process are drawn. Implications for agricultural policy, research and the role of the small farm in agricultural development are derived.     

罗平县高原特色农业产业集群发展探析

一个地区产业集群的形成和发展,能进一步优化资源配置,促进区域经济的发展。文章通过实地调研,主要研究探讨了罗平县高原特色农业产业集群发展成效,主要体现为形成了龙头企业为主体的特色农业产业集群发展模式、高原特色产品品牌、有影响力的庄园经济和"三大产业"协同发展的产业集群,进一步探讨了罗平县高原特色农业产业集群发展存在品牌效应差、龙头企业少、自然灾害频发、产品市场与信息服务体制不健全等问题,该文还根据罗平县农业产业集群发展成效及存在的问题提出了加大政策扶持力度、进一步提升高原特色农业产业集群的特色和加大科技创新力度等对策,进一步促进高原特色农业产业集群的发展,促进农村经济增长,提高农民收入,构建和谐农村,全面建设美丽乡村。     

陕西省旅游镇分类与特色优势研究

文章在分析旅游镇的概念与梳理国内外旅游镇研究进展的基础上,结合陕西省旅游镇发展现状的普查结果,将陕西省旅游镇划分山水自然景观类、历史遗址与特色聚落类(含建筑)、特色农业类、社会风情类、红色旅游类及现代康体类等6个主类,并对陕西省旅游镇的功能分区与特色优势进行研究,结果显示陕西省不仅旅游镇资源丰富、类型多样,而且资源在功能分区与组合上形成了明显的地域分异(陕北红色旅游镇特色发展区、关中平原休闲农业与社会风情旅游镇特色发展区、关中平原历史遗址与特色聚落旅游镇特色发展区、秦岭自然生态旅游镇特色区、陕南秦巴汉水风情旅游镇特色区、陕南历史遗址与特色聚落旅游镇特色发展区、陕南休闲农业旅游镇特色发展区)。研究结果有利于预测旅游镇发展方向,并对陕西省旅游镇开发、规划及保护提供决策依据,促进旅游镇持续健康发展。     

Public works programmes and agricultural risk: Evidence from India

The agricultural sectors in many low- and middle-income countries remain highly vulnerable to weather risk, a vulnerability that will only intensify under climate change. The globally trending public works programmes have the potential to impact weather-related agricultural risk. I explore the impact of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) on weather-related agricultural risk. My empirical strategy explores the staggered roll-out of NREGA and random weather fluctuations. Using a nationwide panel of data, I find that NREGA makes crop yields more sensitive to low rainfall shocks. I posit that these results are consistent with a labour market channel, by which NREGA increases nonfarm labour supply in low rainfall years, and an income channel, by which NREGA leads to riskier agricultural practices. These results highlight the importance of understanding how social protection programmes shape agricultural risk.     

抗战前江苏省农民银行述论

相比较而言，江苏省农民银行是抗战前经营最好、成绩最为显著、对农村贡献最大的农业银行。尽管江苏省农民银行在对农村放款过程中，也存在合作社放款变成高利贷，农业仓库主要为地主和商人所利用等弊端，但是通过江苏省农民银行的放款，从城市向农村倒流了一部分现金，一定程度上缓解了农村金融枯竭。同时，合作社和农业仓库对农村经济发展与农村社会改造也做出了些微贡献。建立现代农业金融体系，改变农村借贷格局，使农民摆脱高利贷的剥削是一个综合工程，农业银行不能单独肩负这个重担。     

英国农村区域协调发展的经验与启示

[目的]党的十九大报告提出实施"乡村振兴战略"和"区域协调发展战略"。英国是较早实现农业现代化的国家,在区域农业开发、区域农业协调发展等方面历史较早、积累经验较多、政策的制定比较成功,这些工作方法和政策思路对我国促进农业区域协调发展具有重要的政策借鉴意义。[方法]文章回顾了英国农业发展政策和城乡关系演变历程,较为系统地总结英国现代农业特点及其区域不平衡性基础上,评述英国促进农村与农业区域协调发展的主要做法。[结果](1)设立专项资金,加强对欠发达地区的扶持;(2)中央政府放权,赋予地方更多自主权;(3)加强小城镇基础设施建设,促进城乡协调发展;(4)鼓励规模化经营,提高农业竞争力;(5)促进乡村旅游,提升农村地区吸引力;(6)重视绿色发展,提高农业可持续能力;(7)注重农民职业培训,吸引更多年轻人从事农业;(8)加强对区域特色农业产业扶持,增强农业竞争力。[结论]提出促进我国农业农村区域协调发展的8条政策建议:坚持农业综合生产能力建设,加强农业发展宏观调控,多措并举消除地区贫困,大力推进一、二、三产业融合发展,发展区域特色产业,加强农民职业培训,加强精准综合管理,适时调整中英农业合作战略。     

新农科建设背景下江西高校涉农专业人才培养的思考

新农科建设是新农业新乡村新农民新生态建设的必然要求,顺应了新时代社会的发展规律,致力于培养爱农业、懂技术、善经营的高水平实用技能型卓越农林新人才。"新农科"建设宣言的提出对高等院校涉农专业人才的培养提出了更高的期许和要求。目前江西高校存在涉农专业人才数量紧缺且离农化趋势严重,涉农专业精品课程少、设置不够合理,涉农专业人才培养结构与行业需求脱轨,科研成果转化率不高的问题。本文从新农科建设的角度出发,针对江西高校在涉农专业人才培养过程中出现的问题提出了相应的对策。     

农村空心化背景下的农业雇工现状与特征简析

农村大量青壮劳动力进入城市逐步形成空心化,与农忙时节的农村劳动力供给不足形成鲜明矛盾。文章在对广东省阳东县大沟镇、河南省原阳县葛埠口乡葛庄村以及四川省西充县黄竹坝村等地进行实地调研的基础上,结合2014年4月社会资源研究所发布的关于中国农业雇工现状的报告,从对农村空心化背景下的农业雇工现状的研究中发现我国广大农村地区存在雇工难、雇工费用上涨等现象,接着对这种现象的成因进行分析农业规模化和产业化对劳动力需求增加、失地农民数量增加及农民观念的转变,并通过文献研究与个案分析相结合的方法,揭示了空心化背景下农业雇工的特征即:农村空心化使农业雇工具有技能水平低、年龄性别失衡、易季节性失业、权益难以保障、工作成本高等特征,最后从加强业务培训、细化生产环节、加强社会保障3个方面提出建议以保障空心化背景下农业雇工的健康发展。