我国发电量与工业增长协整关系实证分析

以我国2005年以来月度工业增加值同比增长率与发电量同比增长率作为研究变量,分析了发电量与工业经济增长之间的长期相关关系。通过相关性检验、平稳性检验、因果关系检验、脉冲分析等,结果表明,我国工业经济的增长与发电量增长两个非平稳变量之间有长期均衡关系,1个工业增加值增速冲击引起发电量增速上升1.8个百分点,在10%显著水平下有单方向的Granger因果关系,随着工业结构的不断升级和能源经济的迅速发展,这一关系将更加显著。     

生产力增长、智慧生产力与人的自由全面发展

文章认为,生产力是一个涵盖劳动者、劳动对象、劳动手段及交通、能源、管理、信息、科学技术等多种因素在内的而且人的自由全面充分发展、个人生产力和智慧生产力在其中的主导地位日益突出的庞大的集合体和有机的超大的系统。物质生产力的发展是人类实现自由全面发展的基础和从必然王国向自由王国迈进的条件。科技进步为人的自由充分发展创造了条件,人必须充分发展以适应新科技革命。文章指出,就现代科技革命和社会主义市场经济发展而言,全面充分发展个人生产力即智慧生产力才是发展社会主义的社会生产力的最重要和最根本的途径。     

Growth and Productivity in Singapore Manufacturing Industries: 1975–1998

Consistently defined price and volume relatives are constructed for 18 manufacturing industries under the two-digit industry classifications officially adopted in 1996. Industry-specific output and materials price deflators for the period 1974–1998 are also constructed. Where the comparison is possible, we arrive at a markedly different conclusion from those in Tsao (1982, 1985 ) and Young (1994 ), and narrow the cause to a difference in the choice of output measure. The updated accounts show that the conventional index number measure of total factor productivity growth (TFPG) for Singapore manufacturing is 2.7% per annum for the period 1975–1998, and exhibits a cyclical pattern over time.     

Effects of Knowledge Spillovers on Knowledge Production and Productivity Growth in Korean Manufacturing Firms

Using Korean firm‐level data, this paper studies the effects of knowledge spillovers on knowledge production and productivity growth. Data from 213 Korean firms for the years 1985 to 2007 are used, and the number of patent applications is used as a proxy variable for knowledge. The results show that all the growth rates of output, patents, and productivity are higher in high‐technology firms. Regression results show that the spillover effect on knowledge production and productivity growth is very significant, and that the spillover effect is larger in small firms than in large firms. Moreover, spillover effects on productivity growth are larger after 1995, when Korean intellectual property rights were strengthened. Our findings suggest that the effects of knowledge spillover on productivity are positively correlated with strong intellectual property rights.     

集聚外部性如何影响企业生产率?

文章基于中国制造业企业微观数据,在省份、地级以上城市和区县三个地理层面,检验和比较了集聚外部性的三个源泉影响企业生产率增长的内在机制。研究发现,在同一地理层面,投入共享对生产率的促进作用最大,劳动力池次之,知识溢出最小。分地理层面来看,投入共享效应在省份层面最明显,地级以上城市层面次之,区县层面最小;省份和地级以上城市层面的劳动力池效应大于区县层面;知识溢出效应仅在城市和区县层面成立。同时,集聚外部性的相对重要性还依赖于地区市场化进程和行业技术水平。文章结论有利于更深入理解集聚外部性与企业生产率的关系,从而进一步打开集聚经济的地理黑箱,也能够为公共政策在不同行政区划层次的精准发力提供理论支持。     

Sectoral Productivity Growth and R&D Spillovers in the Netherlands

This paper assesses empirically whether R&D spillovers are important and whether they originate from domestic or foreign activities. Data for eleven sectors are used to explain the impact on total factor productivity of R&D by the sector itself, by other Dutch sectors and by foreign sectors. We find that both domestic and foreign R&D are significant for the Dutch economy. The elasticity of total factor productivity with respect to R&D is approximately 37% for R&D by a sector, 15% for R&D by other Dutch sectors and 3% for R&D by foreign sectors. Our findings suggest moreover that more R&D speeds up the adoption of foreign technologies. Thus, even for a small open economy as the Netherlands, promoting investment in R&D is appropriate as it both stimulates adoption and generates spillovers.     

Productivity and the Euro-Dollar exchange rate

This article analyses the impact of productivity developments in the United States and the euro area on the euro-dollar exchange rate. The article presents a new measure of relative average labour, productivity (ALP) which does not suffer from the biases implicit in readily available relative ALP data. Importantly, the patterns of these series differ widely. Employing the Johansen cointegration framework, four models are estimated using four different productivity proxies. Our results indicate that the extent to which productivity can explain the euro depreciation varies with the productivity proxy used: readily available measures explain most, our new, preferred measure least. In all models, however, productivity can explain only a fraction of the actual euro depreciation experienced in 1999–2000. JEL no. F31, C32, O47 The views expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Central Bank or its staff.     

Productivity Spillovers from FDI in China： Regional Differences and Threshold Effects

Economic theory posits numerous channels through which FDI might create positive spillovers for domestic firms. However, the results of empirical studies that have sought to document these spillovers have been mixed. One explanation for this variation is that the capacity of domestic firms to absorb spillovers might vary. In the present paper, we explore these issues in the case of China. ,4side from being one of the world＇s leading hosts offoreign direct investment, China makes for an interesting case study because its provinces vary greatly with respect to those factors most commonly held to influence absorptive capacity, such as the initial level of technology in domestic firms. This paper begins by empirically establishing that the spillovers from foreign direct investment do indeed vary across provinces. Threshold values for varioas factors that influence absorptive capacity factors are then estimated and it is found that conditions in many provinces presently fall short of these values. This provides an obvious focus of attention for China＇s policy-makers.     

Exports,Product Differentiation and Knowledge Spillovers

Empirical studies on aggregate export behavior have recently emphasized the role played by innovation as the main force driving product differentiation and competitiveness for developed countries. These studies treat foreign innovation as a variable that affects negatively national export shares. We incorporate the impact of foreign innovation in a standard new trade theory model and find that, if knowledge spillovers exist, foreign knowledge accumulation could even have a positive effect on national exports. We then test the model using aggregate export data for a set of 21 OECD economies and find that the foreign stock of knowledge affects exports positively for the less advanced countries in the sample and negatively for the G7 economies. JEL Classification Numbers: F12, O31, C22, C23     

财政分权、空间外溢与区域经济增长

分税制改革以后,税收体系被划分为中央与地方两大部分,正式建立起以分税制为中心的财政分权体制。各地区的财政分权程度不仅对本地经济增长有直接影响,还对其他地区的经济增长有间接影响,即存在空间溢出效应。利用我国2005年至2018年31个省（市、自治区）的面板数据,运用空间面板模型,估计和检验财政分权对经济增长的空间效应。研究结果表明：各地区的财政分权不仅促进本地经济增长,还对其他地区的经济增长有显著正向溢出效应。     

An Examination of Labor Productivity Growth and Structural Changes in the Singapore Labor Force*

This paper ?rst examines the sources of growth in the Singapore economy by decomposing real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) growth into two components. It is found that, for the period 1974–1999, labor productivity was a signi?cant source of economic growth in Singapore. Conversely, the contribution of the rate of change in employment ratio was only of secondary importance. On further decomposition, the rate of change in employment ratio was due mainly to rate of change in population age‐structure ratio and rate of change in labor‐force participation rate. Growth patterns of the labor force were examined after it has been segregated according to gender, citizenship and age group independently. Labor productivity growth was highest in the transport, storage and communication sector, while labor productivity growth was lowest in the ?nancial, insurance, real estate and business services sector.     

R&D Spillovers for Public R&D Productivity

ABSTRACT

This paper empirically investigates whether the productivity of a public (government-funded) R&D project improves when the aggregate R&D investment in the same technology field increases. Based on the unique project level data that cover almost entire public R&D projects in Korea, this paper shows that aggregate investment in other public R&D projects in the same technology field increases a public R&D project’s outputs both independent of its project expenditure (additive spillover effects) and interactive with its project expenditure (multiplicative spillover effects). The spillover effects from the aggregate private R&D investment in the same technology field also exist, but to a much lesser extent.     

交叉网络外部性作用下的科技产业园发展及定价机制再研究

近年来,科技产业园作为特殊经济实体已经成为发展地方经济的重要力量。文章以双边市场理论为分析框架,指出科技产业园为双边市场中的平台方,高科技企业和配套企业为平台双边用户。研究发现,科技产业园区的优惠政策应给予交叉网络外部性高的一方用户,而收费的对象应是交叉网络外部性小的一方用户。通过税费的收取将交叉网络外部性效用内部化,从而实现科技产业园区的可持续发展。     

可持续发展与政府行为外部性

文章从可持续发展的角度，考察了在决策规则和政策的制定以及实施过程中政府行为的外部性影响，认为政府在主导可持续发展时行动应该更为谨慎。     

Procyclical Productivity and Output Growth in China: An Econometric Analysis

This paper analyzes the procyclical behavior of Chinese Total Factor Productivity (TFP). It shows that measured Solow residuals are correlated to the growth rate of real imports per worker and to other macroeconomic variables that fluctuate at cyclical frequencies. The magnitude of the trend shift in TFP after the start of economic reforms in 1978 is found to be robust to the introduction of cyclical factor utilization and other systematic influences on productivity. The propagation mechanisms of macroeconomic shocks to output are also evaluated on the basis of a seven-variable VAR system. The empirical results indicate that the growing openness of the economy has contributed to sustaining the observed long run productivity increases and has raised spatial inequality.     

外部性的类型、庇古解、科斯解和非内部化

文章的目的是对外部性进行一个比较系统的分类,在此基础上,讨论外部性的科斯解与庇古解的根本分歧.我们的观点是,他们的根本分歧是,庇古愿意依靠政府去解决外部性导致的低效率,而科斯不愿意如此,根本的原因是他们具有不同的政府信念.实际上,在正交易成本的世界里,内部化一切外部性的企图是不理性的,而不内部化一些外部性是理性的.外部性的非内部化有两种类型--算计的非内部化和政治的非内部化.     

Infrastructure and Growth in South Africa: Direct and Indirect Productivity Impacts of 19 Infrastructure Measures

Empirical explorations of the growth and aggregate productivity impacts of infrastructure have been characterized by ambiguous (countervailing signs) results with little robustness. This paper, utilizing panel data for South African manufacturing over the 1970–2000 period, and a range of 19 infrastructure measures, explores the question of infrastructure endogeneity in output equations. The paper develops an instrumentation strategy generalizable to other contexts. Controlling for the possibility of endogeneity in the infrastructure measures renders the impact of infrastructure capital not only positive, but of economically meaningful magnitudes.