新疆社会保障水平分析：2000年～2010年

社会保障支出在一定程度上影响着经济和社会的发展。本文依据2000年～2010年新疆社会保障支出的数据,从社会保障财政支出和非社会保障财政支出规模、城乡间社会保障支出、新疆社会保障支出与经济状况、社会保障财政投入、社会保险覆盖面等多角度对新疆社会保障支出水平进行分析。在已有学者推算出的社会保障适度水平计算公式的基础上,计算测度新疆社会保障适度水平的公式参数,检验新疆社会保障适度水平。结果表明,新疆社会保障总支出规模逐年增加,人均社会保障总支出也逐年增加,且增速较快,但目前新疆社会保障支出总体看处于不适度水平,且社会保障支出与经济发展状况不相适应。     

我国社会保障支出的地区差异分析

文章首先运用GE指数分解法,分析我国社会保障支出区域差异及贡献率;然后运用GINI系数分解法,分析社会保障各项支出对总体差异的贡献率。结果表明:三大区域总体、区域内及区域间的差异基本呈下降趋势,期间略有起伏,但区域内差异远远大于区域间差异;东部、中部和西部地区差异变动趋势不一致,且对总体差异的贡献率差别较大;社会保障各项支出的贡献率差异较大,其中社会保障补助支出成为总体差异的主体因素。文章最后对实际测算结果作进一步分析,并提出相应的政策建议。     

关于按劳分配问题的几点意见--对梁玉秋博士按劳分配观点的评论

研究按劳分配问题的关键是要说明按劳分配原则的实现形式,说明按劳分配的“劳”究竟是什么,以及如何计量的问题。梁博士把“劳”解释为“有效劳动”是不正确的,因为按“有效劳动”分配无法实现按劳分配的原则。笔者认为,“劳”指的是劳动者付出的个人劳动中包含的抽象劳动,认识到这一点之后就能解决“劳”的计量问题,也就能说明按劳分配原则的实现形式,也就能使按劳分配理论科学化,并实现按劳分配的原则了。     

效率工资理论的新发展：阿克洛夫的观点

阿克洛夫的效率工资理论,通过吸收社会学、人类学的研究成果,将人的劳动行为看成基于公平出发的社会习俗。根据这一习俗,企业支付的工资不少于工人预期的公平工资,而工人根据企业支付的工资决定自己的努力程度,从而决定自己的边际产出。对于追求利润最大化的企业来说,并非支付的工资越高越好,支付工人的工资应等于工人的边际产出。当公平工资高于市场出清工资时,非自愿失业问题出现,工人技术程度与其失业率负相关。二元劳动力市场的现实与人类内生的行为规范,使得非自愿失业问题的解决前景十分悲观。     

社会资本与企业技术创新的关系分析

迄今为止,众多学者把社会学领域已被公认的社会资本概念嫁接到经济学领域,由此社会资本也就逐渐成为研究经济发展的一个新视角。值得注意的是,社会资本对宏观经济发展和增长的影响和冲击是多层次、多角度的,即它可以通过人力资本存量的提升、金融部门的发展以及企业技术革新等方面来刺激宏观经济又好又快的发展。然而,本文尝试从企业所拥有的内部社会资本出发,并以几个相关的实证研究结果作为基础和前提条件,构建社会资本与企业技术创新的理论模型,在此基础上对二者关系进行探讨和分析。但是,有关社会资本与企业技术创新二者关系的实证性研究还有待于我们做进一步的、更为详细的分析和探讨。     

An Epistemological Reflection on Social and Solidarity Economy

Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) is emerging as life affirming solutions to the global crises through the multiple ways people locally reinvent economic life on the margins of the capitalist system based on values of solidarity, reciprocity and sustainability. Although the SSE builds on a strong foundation of real practices and institutions of economic transformation as the way forward for us, this paper argues that this world of practice is in need of its theory to frame discourses and engage with the bigger picture with confidence as an alternative to the dominant economic paradigm. The author argues that the orthodox economics, with its ontological construct of the homo economicus, Cartesian dichotomy and logical positivist epistemology severely constrains our abilities to understand and appreciate economic alternatives based on ‘other’ rationalities. Hence, there is a need for an epistemological revolution to construct a coherent theoretical framework from the wreckages of the neoclassical economics for the SSE. This paper seeks to outline the basic structure and the key elements of the ontological and the epistemological framework for this ‘science-in-the-making’ as a step to stimulate further debate for a paradigm revolution.     

The Incidence of Social Security Contributions: An Empirical Analysis

We estimate the effect of social security contributions on wagecosts with sectoral panel data from Eurostat. More than half of the burden of thesecontributions is borne by the employees. Shifting of the burden towards theemployees is more pronounced if the reciprocity between contributions and benefits is stronger. These findings are in line with the predictions derived from anefficient bargaining model.     

The Dilemmas of Technology: A Review Article

During the 1990s, all of the European transition economies (TE) experienced a major recession and suffered from the explosion of income inequality. However, distribution of income between labor and capital differed greatly from one group of post-communist countries to another. The paper discusses and analyzes linkages between models of capitalism that emerged in former communist countries in the 1990s and the outcome of capitalist transition for labor in terms of income distribution and inequality. It is based on the estimates of the Marxian rate of exploitation and other indicators of labor income performance during the reform period.     

Hicks's Valuation of Social income: an appraisal *

This paper attempts to reconstruct and assess the intellectual itinerary of Hicks on the valuation of social income. His 1958 and 1981 papers on that topic have been wholly ignored in the economic literature. In both of them differentmeasures of real income are provided. These show to what extenteach one of them can be relied upon. Our assessment argues that it is impossible to measure social income independentlyof the reasons for which that measure is required and that any valuation cannot ultimatelybe made independently of political and ethical considerations.     

J.M. Keynes's Theory of the State as a Path to his Social Economics of Reform in The General Theory

This article focuses on Adam Smith's attitude toward wages as the natural price of labor. It argues that his subsistence wage had similarities with the medieval Schoolmen's notion of the just wage as being established through markets. He further agreed with them that the market wage had to be sufficient to nurture community standards of virtue. His application of the concept differed from theirsn due to his recognition of the problems caused by social distance. In a commercial society, impersonal relations added difficulties to the attainment of a just wage and could diminish virtue. As a result, sympathy from employers and from public

officials was needed as part of the Smithian standard of wages.     

社会保障对中国城乡收入差距影响的初步研究

长期以来,中国农村社会保障始终处于社会保障体系的边缘,广大农民一直游离于社会的保障网之外,突出表现在社会救济方面和社会保险方面。中国城乡社会保障差异与不断扩大的城乡收入差距密切相关。因此,应统筹城乡社会保障制度,完善农村社会保障制度,进一步缩小城乡收入差距。     

对争议中的《劳动合同法》的评析

《劳动合同法》自颁布以来就引起了大家广泛的关注和争论,这些争论表面上是因为法律规定的改进所致,但实质上是利益配置结构发生变化的结果。《劳动合同法》的实施虽然引起了很大的争议,但此法的实施,也引起了各主体对自身问题的深思,促进了国家、企业和劳动者对自身问题的认识和改进。国家应加强社会保障职责,企业要加速产业结构调整,劳动者个人要提高技能素质。     

Cognition,Social Impulse,and the Principle of Adaptation: Insights into the Peirce-Veblen Connection

This article seeks to offer insights into the connections between Charles S. Peirce and Thorstein B. Veblen regarding their understanding of the logic of scientific thought and cognition. In this sense, this work explores how both Veblen and Peirce dismissed the Cartesian notion of unmediated cognition and how they sought to depict cognition as a process. Furthermore, this article presents Peirce’s concept of “social impulse” and Veblen’s “principle of adaptation” as complementary perspectives on science and cognition that have strong evolutionary content.     

Productivity,real exchange rate,and aggregate demand: An empirical exercise applied to Brazil from 1960 to 2011

This research analyzes, from a post Kaleckian perspective, the interactions among the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity, and real wages in the Brazilian economy from 1960 to 2011. It adopts the longstanding perspective that demand is the driver of capital accumulation and economic growth. The research comprises the following steps: (a) a critical assessment of the growth regime literature, with a particular emphasis on issues related to productivity and the real exchange rate; (b) understanding the relationship between the real exchange rate and the productivity and growth regimes; (c) proposing a theoretical model that relates the real exchange rate, productivity, and the growth regime; and (d) an empirical test of the interaction between the real exchange rate, productivity, and the growth regime. Theoretically the study develops a model showing the interactions between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity, and real wages. Furthermore, this research attempts to address the lack of theoretical and empirical studies about the relationship between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages.     

弱势群体的经济成因及其社会保护

弱势群体源于社会变革和公民个体的生活变迁。弱势群体与一般社会公众的生活距离和区别,不仅在生活内容和生活水平上,也包括心理方面的特殊性。弱势群体的产生和存在对社会的稳定、发展有不可忽视的消极影响。着力转化、提升弱势群体是社会控制和政府管理的重要课题。     

A framework for the decomposition of poverty differences with an application to poverty differences between countries

We propose an Oaxaca-Blinder-like decomposition of poverty differences. The decomposition is based on a parametric model of the income distribution and can be used to decompose differences in poverty rates across countries or years. Poverty differences are decomposed into differences in the underlying distribution of poverty-relevant characteristics and differences in the incidence of poverty conditional on these characteristics. We illustrate our method by comparing levels and patterns of relative poverty in the USA, Great Britain and Germany during the 1990s. Our results suggest that the higher aggregate poverty rates in the USA and in Britain relative to Germany were mostly accounted for by higher poverty rates conditional on characteristics, which were partly offset by a more favourable distribution of poverty-relevant characteristics, in particular higher employment rates.This paper is part of the research programme of the TMR Network ‘Living Standards, Inequality and Taxation’. Financial support from the European Union (Contract #ERBFMRXCT980248), the UK Economic and Social Research Council, the University of Essex, and the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG) is gratefully acknowledged. The data used in this study were made available by Cornell University (Cross-National Equivalent File), the University of Michigan (Panel Study of Income Dynamics), the UK Data Archive (British Household Panel Survey), and the German Institute for Economic Research (German Socio-Economic Panel). Martin Biewen would like to thank the Institute for European Studies and the Department for Policy and Management at Cornell University, in particular Jonas Pontusson, Richard Burkhauser and Dean Lillard, for their hospitality and support. We are also grateful for comments by Bernd Fitzenberger, Joachim Winter, Christoph M. Schmidt, an anonymous referee and seminar participants in Essex, Heidelberg and Mannheim. Last but not least, we thank Nick Cox for providing us with updated versions of his Stata programs for drawing quantile plots.First version received: May 2003/Final version received: December: 2003     

政府在社会博弈中的角色与作用——一个基于霍布斯、洛克理论的模型分析

文章基于霍布斯和洛克的理论框架,讨论了政府在社会博弈中的角色和作用,并且阐发了社会博弈中政府与公民所面临的策略选择及均衡结果的社会意义,尤其对于社会契约关系中退出机制的安排和由此引发的重新谈判问题进行了深入的思考,为进一步研究关于社会契约的治理及其结构性安排等问题奠定了基础.     

高校教师的组织支持感、集体自尊与组织承诺关系

本文基于社会认同的理论视角,通过对某高校197名在职教师的实证研究,探讨了组织支持感、集体自尊与情感承诺及规范承诺之间的关系。层次回归分析的结果表明,在控制了性别、年龄、职称以及工龄4个变量的效应后,教师的组织支持感与其情感承诺与规范承诺正相关,教师的内部集体自尊在组织支持感与组织承诺(情感承诺与规范承诺)的关系中表现出部分中介效应。     

个人和社会富足的源泉--人力资本投资决策模型分析

本文依据现代人力资本理论,设计了一个人力资本投资决策模型,以此分析了人力资本投资决策的前提与基础,以 及人力资本投资决策的相关因素。人力资本是给个人和社会带来富足的源泉,人力资本投入是现代社会经济迅速增长的重 要因素,知识是提高劳动生产率和实现经济增长的主要驱动力。妨碍穷国赶上富国的原因,主要是缺乏人力资本,即教育不发 达,人才和知识不足,人力资源素质低下,而不是缺乏有形资本。     

高职教育适应社会人才需求之初探

高职院校要适应社会对高级技术应用性人才的需求,坚持走产学研结合的道路。通过加强实践教学,强化对学生岗位职业能力的培养,办出高职教育的特色,为社会和地方经济的发展提供优质的高职教育服务。