Electricity demand estimation using proxy variables: some reservations

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of asymmetric information upon labour market decisions. First, in the face of uncertainty concerning person-specific information, self-selection employment contracts develop which induce ‘sorting’ within the labour market. Second, we show the existence of a smaller share in investment in specific human capital for those who accept the self-selection contract relative to those who refuse such contracts. Thus, the earnings of those who accept such contracts are less responsive to changes in specific human capital than the earnings of those who refuse these contracts. Third, we applied the model to the market for professional teachers in British Columbia, Canada. The results of the empirical tests were shown to be consistent with the hypotheses proposed. In addition, once we controlled for the level of and the distribution to human capital the Public–Independent earnings differential fell from 64.3% to 23.9%.     

股票价格对内在价值的偏离度分析

本文考察了奥尔森 (Ohlson)剩余收益定价理论 ,指出了传统线性信息模型的不足 ,提出了公司存续期有限和公司存续期无限但剩余收益存续期有限情况下的内净率 (内在价值 净资产比率 )决定模型。对资本成本、净资产收益率、分红规则和剩余收益存续期对内净率的影响进行了模拟。根据上市公司近年来的业绩记录 ,通过内净率与市净率的比较发现 ,目前中国上市公司的股价大大高于其内在价值 ,其中ST类公司的股价与其内在价值偏离的更多。本文认为 ,当前股市正在经历具有体制性、结构性特点的调整 ,决定了这一调整过程的长期性。     

会计信息可比性与上市公司业绩预告外溢效应

现有信息披露对资本市场影响的实证研究主要集中研究公司信息披露与自身股价之间的关系。本文对我国上市公司2007—2017年发布的业绩预告的信息外溢效应进行了检验,发现上市公司业绩预告对行业内其他公司的市场反应具有显著解释力,表明我国资本市场业绩预告存在信息外溢现象。并且,公司间会计信息可比性越高,外溢效应越显著,表明会计信息可比性促进了公司间的信息传递,对投资者股票交易具有决策参考意义。进一步检验发现,可比性对信息外溢效应的促进作用在市场竞争更激烈的公司中更为显著。此外,预告公司和非预告公司的信息环境对信息传递的影响有所差异。本文研究结论为我国资本市场外部性现象提供经验证据,对于信息披露质量要求以及披露监管政策研究具有启示意义。     

资本市场开放与企业真实盈余管理——基于“陆港通”的经验证据

资本市场开放不仅是扩大国际融资、更好地利用国际金融市场的需要,而且对我国资本市场发育和上市公司行为具有多重外部治理效应。本文借助我国内地与香港资本市场互联互通机制这一准自然实验,研究资本市场开放对企业真实盈余管理的影响。研究发现:(1)总体上,“陆港通”机制的实施显著降低了标的公司真实盈余管理程度。(2)委托代理问题是企业进行盈余管理的重要原因,而“陆港通”机制开通后,能够缓解标的公司代理矛盾,进而约束管理层的真实盈余管理行为。(3)当资本市场信息环境改善、管理层面临较大股票抛售压力以及大股东监督力度较强时,“陆港通”抑制企业真实盈余管理行为的治理效果更强。本文结果表明,资本市场开放有助于提高我国上市公司财务信息披露质量及公司治理水平。     

资本市场开放与企业真实盈余管理——基于“陆港通”的经验证据

资本市场开放不仅是扩大国际融资、更好地利用国际金融市场的需要,而且对我国资本市场发育和上市公司行为具有多重外部治理效应。本文借助我国内地与香港资本市场互联互通机制这一准自然实验,研究资本市场开放对企业真实盈余管理的影响。研究发现:(1)总体上,“陆港通”机制的实施显著降低了标的公司真实盈余管理程度。(2)委托代理问题是企业进行盈余管理的重要原因,而“陆港通”机制开通后,能够缓解标的公司代理矛盾,进而约束管理层的真实盈余管理行为。(3)当资本市场信息环境改善、管理层面临较大股票抛售压力以及大股东监督力度较强时,“陆港通”抑制企业真实盈余管理行为的治理效果更强。本文结果表明,资本市场开放有助于提高我国上市公司财务信息披露质量及公司治理水平。     

Movin' On Up: Interpreting The Earnings–Experience Profile

Human capital theory provides the generally accepted interpretation of the relationship between earnings and labour market experience, namely that general human capital tends to increase with experience. However, there are other plausible interpretations. Search models, for example, generally predict that more time in the labour market increases the chance of finding a better match and hence tends to be associated with higher earnings. This paper shows how a simple search model can be used to predict the amount of earnings growth that can be assigned to search with the residual being assigned to the human capital model. A substantial if not the larger part of the rise in earnings over the life-cycle in Britain can be explained by a simple search model, and virtually all the earnings gap between men and women can be explained in this way. Overall, the evidence suggests that we do need to reinterpret the returns to experience in earnings functions.     

信息披露质量与股权融资成本

本文以深圳证券市场A股上市公司为样本,研究中国上市公司的信息披露质量是否会对其股权融资成本产生影响。我们采用剩余收益模型计算上市公司的股权融资成本,分别以披露总体质量与盈余披露质量指标反映上市公司的信息披露质量。研究发现,在控制β系数、公司规模、账面市值比、杠杆率、资产周转率等因素的条件下,信息披露质量较高的样本公司边际股权融资成本较低,这说明我国上市公司的信息披露质量会对其股权融资成本产生积极影响。研究还发现,盈余平滑度和披露总体质量是影响样本公司股权融资成本的主要信息披露质量特征。最后基于上述发现提出了若干政策建议。     

信息不对称条件下董事会特征之于盈余信息披露质量的研究

董事会特征对于盈余信息披露质量具有重要影响。但已有的研究大多局限于单纯研究董事会特征,对于信息不对称条件下董事会特征对盈余信息披露质量的影响研究较少。研究结果发现:一方面,管理层盈余信息披露质量随着董事会规模增大及董事会会议频率提高而降低;随着独立董事比例提高,管理层盈余信息披露质量越高。另一方面,在考虑信息不对称程度交互作用后,董事会会议频率与管理层盈余信息披露质量之间负相关程度,以及独立董事比例与管理层盈余信息披露质量的正相关程度,均随着信息不对称程度提高降低。     

机构投资者持股和会计盈余质量

本文从会计盈余质量的角度来研究机构投资者(’在公司治理中的作用。我们从盈余管理程度、盈余信息含量和盈余稳健性等三个方面来衡量会计盈余的质量。三方面的研究结果显示,机构投资者持股有助于改善会计盈余的质量:机构投资者持股公司的会计盈余质量显著高于其他公司,并且会计盈余的质量随着机构投资者持股比例的增加而增加。进一步研究发现,机构投资者还能够缓解大股东对会计盈余信息含量的恶化,起到一定的制衡作用。本文的研究表明,机构投资者能够在一定程度上改善上市公司的盈余质量,其快速成长有助于公司治理结构的改善,也有助于资本市场信息披露环境的良性发展。     

股权再融资、盈余管理与大股东的寻租行为

我国上市公司处于大股东的超强控制状态,大股东与中小股东之间存在严重的信息不对称,导致大股东在股权再融资过程中表现出强烈的盈余管理动机.本文研究了我国资本市场参与者的行为与盈余管理之间的关系,并分析了对资本配置效率的影响效应.大股东通过操纵报告盈余来改变会计盈余的时间分布和误导投资者,从而攫取更多的隐性收益,造成资本市场配置效率的降低.研究结果表明:(1)大股东通过盈余管理在股权再融资过程中可以获得中小股东无法得到的隐性收益;(2)大股东的收益随着盈余管理程度的增加而提升,中小股东的财富随着盈余管理程度的增加而降低;(3)盈余管理程度的增加将降低上市公司的资本配置效率和企业价值.因此,大股东通过盈余管理实现了对小股东财富的掠夺效应,造成了上市公司资本配置效率、公司价值、声誉和后续融资能力的下降.     

Changes in Wages,Wage Inequality and the Return to Human Capital Skills in Kenya: 1977–2005

The conventional literature on wage inequality in Kenya has two drawbacks: first, by focusing on manufacturing sector wages, overlooking wages in other sectors, the results may be biased. Second, previous studies emphasize wage determination solely at the conditional mean rather than resort to wage determination across the entire earnings distribution. We remedy these weaknesses and add a new layer of research previously unexamined. Particularly, we consider wage changes during periods of wide GDP fluctuations from 1977 to 1986, 1986 to 1999, and 1999 to 2005 and explore if prices of measured human capital skills moved in tandem with changes in the dispersion of unmeasured human capital skills as is postulated by human capital theory. Our results support human capital theory: we find higher wages and higher residual wage dispersion during periods of rising GDP (1999–2005) but find lower wages and lower residual wage dispersion during periods of falling GDP (1977–86 and 1986–99).     

Native-immigrant wage differentials in Greece: discrimination and assimilation

This article applies the Blinder–Oaxaca methodology in order to dissect the average earnings differentials between Greek workers and three different groups of immigrants into a part attributed to differences in characteristics and a part due to discrimination. It also seeks to identify the effect of assimilation (i.e. postmigration human capital) on immigrants’ earnings. We use information about 8429 individuals, of which 1185 are immigrants. The data are drawn from the Greek Labour Force Survey (2009). Our results suggest that discrimination is significantly higher for immigrants originating from non-EU countries than it is for EU foreigners, while it is negative for those who terminated education in Greece. Also, there is evidence that (i) post-migration human capital is a significant determinant of immigrants earnings, (ii) there is limited transferability of skills between sending countries and Greece and (iii) education is the main determinant of the wage gap between natives and immigrants.     

Adverse selection,asymmetric information,and foreign investment policies

This paper explores the welfare consequences of foreign investment taxation in a small open economy, based on the notion that the true productivity of imported capital may be unknown to policy-makers. It is shown that while asymmetric information between capital importers and the host government precludes the use of a productivity specific policy measure, an across-the-board policy suffers from the problem of adverse selection among capital imports of differential productivities. Conditions under which a reversal of the optimal foreign investment policy in the face of asymmetric information are examined.     

Public capital, asymmetric information, and economic growth

Abstract.  We investigate the provision of public capital in an endogenous growth model with asymmetric information. In a credit market with costly screening, we show that the equilibrium contracts are characterized by the self‐selection of borrowers. Through identifying an additional adverse effect of taxation on growth, we show that the optimal tax rate in our model is smaller than the output elasticity of public capital. Therefore, our analysis justifies a more conservative tax policy in the presence of asymmetric information. Furthermore, our model suggests a number of implications that appear to be well supported by preliminary evidence in cross‐country data. JEL classification: D82, H21, O41     

我国微利上市公司盈余管理方式研究

基于我国资本市场“微利现象”,以1998-2009年沪深两市A股非金融类上市公司为样本,采用独立样本T检验和多元回归分析方法,研究微利上市公司的盈余管理方式。研究表明：微利上市公司同时存在应计盈余管理和真实活动盈余管理两种方式,并且真实活动盈余管理是微利公司调增利润的主要手段,微利公司的总体真实活动盈余管理程度比非微利公司平均高3％或4．6％,而应计盈余管理程度平均只高1．5％,为我国资本市场真实活动盈余管理的存在性提供了新的经验证据。     

中国亏损上市公司盈余管理研究

盈余管理的研究已有近30年的历史。近年随着中国资本市场的建立和发展,盈余管理成为实证会计研究的一个重要领域和热点问题。然而过度的盈余管理行为会干扰盈余信息使用者,也会损害投资人等企业外部相关人的利益．甚至扰乱市场秩序,影响资本市场的健康发展。对亏损上市公司盈余管理的研究,不仅有助于证券监管机构对上市公司的管理,而且可以通过问题的发现找到原因并提出科学可行的内外部综合防范措施,提高中国证券市场的资源配置功能。     

Endogenous timing in tax competition: The effect of asymmetric information

This study explores the effects of asymmetric information on endogenous leadership in a simple tax competition environment. The study models a two-country economy where one country is informed about its own and opponent's productivity of private goods, while the other country only knows its productivity. The results show that each type of informed country has an incentive to pretend to be the other type, which leads to a Stackelberg outcome endogenously, while the simultaneous move is the unique outcome under complete information. Under the Stackelberg outcome, the uninformed country moves first and the informed country moves second. Moreover, ex-post social welfare under asymmetric information can become larger than that under complete information, because the uninformed country chooses a less aggressive tax rate under asymmetric information. These results depend on the type of uncertainty, and capital ownership and share.     

Value Relevance of Earnings in an Emerging Capital Market: the Case of A-shares in China

This study investigates the value relevance of earnings in the emerging capital market of China by examining the information content of accounting earnings measured under the People's Republic of China Accounting Standards (PRC-GAAP). Based on the A-shares of listed Chinese firms during 1994–97, a significant association is observed between annual market-adjusted stock return and the change of earnings. Also documented is a significant price reaction to the annual earnings announcement in a three-day window centered around the announcement date. Overall, the empirical results suggest that earnings reported in China are value-relevant to A-share investors.     

The Oecd Model Tax Treaty: Tax Competition And Two‐Way Capital Flows*

Model tax treaties do not require tax rate coordination, but do require that either credits or exemptions be applied to repatriated earnings. This contradicts recent models with a single capital exporter where deductions are most efficient. I incorporate the fact that capital flows are typically bilateral. With symmetric countries, credits by both is the unique and efficient treaty equilibrium. This equilibrium weakly dominates the nontreaty equilibrium. With asymmetric countries, the treaty need not offer improvements without tax harmonization. With harmonization, it is always possible to reach efficient capital allocations while increasing both countries' welfares only if neither uses deductions.     

信息不对称与机构操纵——中国股市机构与散户的博弈分析

中国股市中 ,股票二级市场价格常常在短期内发生剧烈变化。这种现象产生的原因在于 ,在信息不对称情况下 ,机构通过操纵上市公司基本面信息来影响股票交易价格 ,以获得超额收益。鉴于机构之间信息不对称程度远远低于机构与散户之间信息不对称程度 ,发展机构投资者可以最终减少市场操纵行为 ,机构在投资者中所占比例与市场整体被操纵程度的关系可以用倒“U”形曲线表示。