山东欲彻底解决电荒问题

在刚刚度过近10年来最大的一次“电荒”后,山东省开始寻求根本解决之道。     

论社会主义市场价格机制

论社会主义市场价格机制李东方价值规律是市场经济运行的最基本的规律，这一规律在现实市场经济生活中，只有通过价格的变动才能发挥作用，价格带动经济运行的内在机理即价格机制。一般而言，价格机制由四个层次构成：一是作为其核心的价格形成机制，即各类经济组织对价格...     

早至的电荒

电荒不是什么新鲜话题,但在前面加上淡季二字却值得特别重视,更何况这是2004年以来最严重的一次2011年的电荒比以往来得稍早了一些。电荒——这一发端于工业发达的长三角、珠三角、环渤海等地区,并逐渐向全国蔓延的缺电现象,     

资源价格机制论

本文就资源价格机制的作用模式以及资源价格机制在我国作用的现状作了初步分析,阐明了资源价格机制在我国当前经济发展和促进资源可持续发展的作用机理,并就我国需要构建并完善资源价格机制的途径进行了论述。     

道路运输价格形成机制改革

均衡价格理论是市场经济的普遍规律,也就是在社会主义市场经济条件下道路运输价格形成机制应当遵循的规律。当前我国道路运输价格的管理仍然停留在计划经济时期,已不能适应市场经济的发展,必须按照市场经济的基本规律进行改革,由市场竞争来形成道路运输价格。     

高速公路价格形成机制初探

高速公路价格的形成机制问题一直是高速公路资本运作和资产管理的一个重要问题 ,合理的转让价格是盘活高速公路国有资产的基础 ,合理的服务价格是高速公路可持续发展的前提。作为具有自然垄断属性的准公共物品 ,高速公路具有与其他领域产品所不同的价格形成机制 ,因此应通过认真分析制定出适合高速公路持续发展的合理的价格形成机制。     

完善蔬菜价格形成机制研究

蔬菜价格波动具有明显的周期性,近年来波动频率有所加快,且不同品种的蔬菜价格波动特征不同。蔬菜价格形成的过程受到物质和人工费用的影响,流通环节成本较高。蔬菜价格波动则受到自然灾害、食品安全事件影响,生产扶持政策也影响到价格波动。蔬菜价格形成机制也存在着调控水平低、市场主体组织程度低、流通环节过多、流通过程中损耗大等问题。世界主要发达国家,例如美国和日本,都对蔬菜价格实施一定的市场化调控手段。未来,应尽快出台蔬菜生产流通方面的权力清单,建立重要蔬菜品种调控目录制度,积极培育市场化蔬菜流通主体,花大力气降低流通成本,尽最大努力减少流通损耗,多措并举完善蔬菜保险政策。     

试论价格机制的局限性

<正> 发展社会主义市场经济客观上要求我们深刻认识价格机制的局限性,一般来说,价格机构的局限性主要是:一、滞后效应。价格机制对经济运行的调节是滞后调节,也就是说,只有当商品生产出来以后,拿到市场上销售时,才能发现这种商品是多了还是少了,价格是     

An experimental investigation of soft price caps in uniform price auction markets for wholesale electricity

This paper presents the results from an auction experiment using industry professionals and student participants who compete in a simulated wholesale market for electricity. Motivated by the intervention by FERC in response to the “meltdown” of the California spot market, we investigate the effect of including a “soft” price cap in a uniform price auction as a means of mitigating high prices. When prices are driven above the soft cap, offer curves become flat, in contrast to the hockey stick shape observed in a typical uniform price auction for electricity. This flat offer curve leads to market prices that are relatively insensitive to both generation costs and demand reductions.      

Understanding the role of economic transition in enlarging energy price elasticity

Evidence of energy price elasticity would allow for a better understanding of economic, distributional and environmental consequences of varying energy prices. We document the previously unnoticed causal relationship between energy price elasticity and economic transition by modelling energy price elasticity as endogenous to the economic system. The central message is that economic transition promotes incentives and flexibility of micro‐units to sufficiently use price signals. Three potential mechanisms are proposed and tested for economic transition affecting the energy price elasticity. The findings provide implications for energy price policies because it reveals how energy consumers respond to energy price changes alongside economic transition.     

Scenario development in China's electricity sector

The continuing growth of China's electricity sector will affect global environmental and economic sustainability due to its impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and global resource depletion. In 2005, the generation of electricity in China resulted in the emissions of 2290 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (approximately 53% of the nation's total) and required 779 million metric tonnes of coal (approximately 50% of China's total coal consumption). These figures are expected to increase with China's economic growth. In order to gauge the range in which fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions could grow a scenario-based conceptual model has been developed by the authors (published in (vol.) of this journal). The application and analysis of this shows that under a business as usual (BAU) scenario, electricity generation could contribute upwards of 56% of China's energy related greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Meanwhile, consumption of coal will also increase, growing to nearly 60% of total national demand by 2020. However, variations in a number of key drivers could produce significant deviation from the BAU scenario. With accelerated economic output, even with greater technological advances and greater potential to bring natural gas on stream, carbon dioxide emissions would rise 10% above the BAU. Alternatively, in a scenario where China's economy grows at a tempered pace, less investment would be available for advanced technologies, developing natural gas infrastructure, or nuclear energy. In this scenario, reduced economic growth and electricity demand would thereby be countered by reduced efficiency and a higher contribution of coal.     

Factor supply interruption, welfare loss and shortage management

Factor supply shortage is a common problem faced by a firm. Solutions for allocating the limited supply include rationing, interruption and pricing. While previous research has examined the welfare losses generated by each solution, there is little evidence on their relative magnitudes within a common framework. The objective of this paper is to specify a model of firm behaviour under service interruption to estimate the welfare loss of service interruption. The same model is used to estimate the loss due to a price increase intended to resolve a supply shortage. Using water consumption data collected for Hong Kong, we find that relative to pricing, service interruption is inefficient for water shortage management.     

Fixed price plus rationing: an experiment

This paper theoretically and experimentally explores a fixed price mechanism in which, if aggregate demand exceeds supply, bidders are proportionally rationed. If demand is uncertain, in equilibrium bidders overstate their true demand in order to alleviate the effects of being rationed. This effect is the more intense the lower the price, and bids reach their upper limit for sufficiently low prices. In the experiment we observe a significant proportion of equilibrium play. However, subjects tend to overbid the equilibrium strategy when prices are high and underbid when prices are low. We explain the experimental evidence by a simple model in which the probability of a deviation is decreasing in the expected loss associated with it.

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Electronic Supplementary Material  The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.      

Heterogeneous beliefs, price dispersion, and welfare-improving price controls

Summary. We consider a search market model where agents have heterogeneous beliefs about the distribution of prices. A suggestive example shows that Jevon's Law of One Price and standard welfare results are not robust to small heterogeneous errors in beliefs. In particular we show that a price ceiling above marginal cost can reduce price dispersion and improve welfare (by lowering aggregate search costs) without decreasing quantity supplied. These results are broadly consistent with the empirical evidence. Received: July 27, 1999; revised version: May 24, 2000     

Factors affecting electricity generation in China: Current situation and prospects

China has attracted worldwide attention due to the global economic and environmental effects of its rapid economic growth over the last 20 years, with particular attention given to the country's accelerating energy consumption and resulting greenhouse gas emissions. China's electricity sector is particularly important for both of these issues as it accounts for nearly half of its greenhouse gas emissions and even greater proportions of the country's demands for primary fuel resources. In order to better understand how these issues may progress in an economy changing as fast as China's, this paper develops a framework that can be used to help model the electricity sector's future development. The framework builds upon key technological and socio-economic drivers, including those affecting electricity demand (e.g., economic growth, structure, energy efficiency, urbanization, and change in per capita income) and electricity supply (e.g., deregulation, initiatives to promote natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy, air pollution regulations, price developments for coal and natural gas, and changes in generation technology). The framework serves as a foundation for a scenario exercise on the greenhouse gas and fuel consumption impacts of different developmental paths for China's electricity sector. These scenarios and their implications for emissions and fuel consumption are presented in a subsequent article.     

The interdependence of global oil price,China's stock price and economic policy uncertainty

This investigation examines the interaction among global oil price (OP), China's stock price (SP) and China's economic policy uncertainty (EPU) during the period of 2005:01 and 2017:12. A rolling window Toda‐Yamamoto causality method shows a complex time‐varying relationship. Bilateral causalities between these variables mostly accompany by sharp fluctuations in global or China's economy. Taking into account the inherent consistency of this time‐varying relation, the causal steps approach shows EPU follows a partial but time‐varying mediator process during crisis periods, which suggests EPU is one of mediator variables in this transmission mechanism. The mediator role of EPU in the transmission mechanism of OP and SP has not been paid enough attention before. Our findings provide a new direction for investors from the perspective of policy changes to deal with risks caused by OP and SP fluctuations especially when the financial market experiencing huge fluctuations.     

Second price auctions on general preference domains: two characterizations

Auction theory usually assumes the quasi-linearity of individual preferences. We drop this assumption and define an extension of second price mechanisms that applies to general preferences. It turns out that the extended second price mechanisms are the only rules satisfying efficiency, strategy-proofness, and a mild non-imposition property. Their definition is simple just as much as the definition of usual second price mechanisms: everyone reports his maximum willingness to pay and the bidder whose reported value is highest buys the auctioned object for the price equal to the second highest reported value. The characterization is valid if efficiency is replaced by envy-freeness. I gratefully acknowledge an associate editor and two anonymous referees for their very helpful comments. Hiroki Saitoh and Shigehiro Serizawa independently obtain a result that is closely related to my main result (see, Remark in Sect. 1). I thank them for sending me the paper and communication, and Yuji Fujinaka for informing me about their work. I also thank the financial support by KAKENHI (19310031).