贸易政策的变化及其对贸易流量的影响

改革开放三十年来,我国一直执行有管理的渐进式自由化贸易政策,强调政府对贸易的干预,其核心在于对大多数产业实行渐进式的自由化贸易政策,对少数产业实行较低保护与温和出口鼓励政策,这样就可以实现贸易自由化和贸易保护的双重目标①。本文从"较低进口保护"——关税政策和"温和出口鼓励"——出口退税政策两方面进行局部和一般均衡的理论与实证考察。通过研究发现,我国的海关税则与贸易政策基本同步变动,表明关税是我国一项很重要的制度性政策;而政府在实施出口退税政策时更加注重其对贸易流量影响的短期效应。     

Explaining International Business Cycle Synchronization: Recursive Preferences and the Terms of Trade Channel

Open Economies Review - The business cycles of advanced economies are synchronized. Standard macro models fail to explain that fact. This paper presents a simple model of a two-country,...     

国际贸易结构对经济增长的影响路径研究——基于货物贸易与服务贸易的比较分析

本文考察了国际货物贸易和国际服务贸易分别对经济增长的影响路径,结果发现,两种贸易对经济增长的影响路径存在显著差异,货物贸易主要通过物质资本积累和技术进步来促进经济增长,而服务贸易除了以上路径以外还通过人力资本积累和提高市场化程度来促进经济增长。对不同要素密集型服务贸易的分类研究表明,技术与知识密集型服务贸易比劳动密集型、资本密集型服务贸易更加有利于经济增长。随后本文对以上结论做了相应的稳健性检验。最后,本文在此研究结论的基础上给出了相应的政策建议。     

新金融危机背景下的国际贸易保护政策

由于此次危机爆发后,可供选择的宏观经济政策工具、国际贸易约束规则、国际生产体系、国际协调机制和应对金融危机经验等与大萧条时期不同,因此,目前虽存在国际贸易保护趋势,但由此引发大萧条时期大规模世界性贸易战的可能性较小.     

国际贸易对性别工资差距的影响:基于CHFS数据的研究

文章构建了国际贸易影响分技能劳动力性别工资差距的理论模型,并运用2011年中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS)进行均值回归和分位数回归。实证研究结果显示:就总体性别工资差距而言,国际贸易虽扩大了性别工资差距,但对分技能性别工资差距的影响存在差异,贸易对低技能劳动力的性别工资差距有缩小作用,对高技能劳动力的性别工资差距有扩大作用;就不同地区性别工资差距而言,国际贸易提高了沿海地区的工资水平,并有助于缓解该地区的性别工资差距,但对内陆地区工资水平的提高有不利影响;就分技能的分位数性别工资差距而言,在工资分布的不同位置上,国际贸易总是在扩大高技能劳动力的性别工资差距,同时国际贸易有缩小工资分布中的中低端低技能劳动力性别工资差距的作用,这大致印证了上述均值回归的结果。基于以上结论,在贸易促使竞争加剧的背景下,即便高技能女性有时也难以从贸易中获得和男性均等的利益,虽然改善女性的个体特征(如受教育程度)有助于缓解性别工资差距的问题,但只有政府加强对劳动力市场的监管、完善社保制度,才能为解决性别工资差距建立更有效的制度保障。     

国际劳工标准对中国对外贸易的影响及对策

随着金融危机导致贸易保护主义的抬头,非关税壁垒成为限制进口的主要手段,其中国际劳工标准与国际贸易挂钩已演变成必然的趋势。由于中国劳动力成本低,出口主要集中在劳动密集型产品上。短期内会提高中国出口商品的成本和降低国际竞争力,从长期看会促进企业参与全球性的战略决策,把企业目标同社会责任、短期利益和长远发展结合起来。对此,文章提出了相应的对策措施和建议。     

国际R&D竞争、溢出效应与战略贸易政策

本文在Spencer和Brander(1983)以及d’Aspremont和Jacquemin(1988)的研究基础上构建了一个三阶段的博弈模型,对战略贸易政策下的R&D活动补贴措施进行了分析。本文认为,当R&D活动的国际溢出处于较高水平时,各国政府有必要对本国企业从事的R&D活动采取事前补贴措施;而当R&D活动的国际溢出处于很高水平时,各国政府有必要对本国企业从事的R&D活动采取事前补贴和事后征税搭配的措施,本文还针对目前高新技术产业R&D活动国际溢出水平较高的情况,提出了政策建议。     

美元贬值对我国外经贸政策的冲击及对策思考

美元贬值、我国外汇储备剧增和流动性过剩,给我国带来了一系列的问题,如物价持续上扬而难以平抑、对外贸易增长的稳定性和经济增长持续性受到影响等.我国现行的外经贸政策效应也由此受到冲击,为此,我国外经贸政策需要进行相应调整.     

The Competitive Impact of International Trade: The Case of Import Liberalization of the Japanese Oil Product Market

This paper analyzes the competitive impact of the recent import liberalization of the Japanese oil product market. In response to the import liberalization in March 1996, not only did the market price of gasoline decline sharply but also its domestic production kept rising and did not decline relative to imports. Moreover, its price fell substantially before the actual liberalization of the import. This paper demonstrates both theoretically and empirically that the theory of implicit cartel can explain such features of the impact of import liberalization very well. The paper also identifies the significantly positive welfare impact of such liberalization due to the expansion of supply in a market with a large tax wedge between price and cost and, possibly more importantly, due to the transformation of competitive conduct from unproductive investment for cartel-rent shifting into price cuts. J. Japan. Int. Econ., December 1999, 13(4), pp. 397–423. Hitotsubashi University; and Keio University. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: L40, F12, K21.     

Trade Policy,Competition and Productivity: The Impact of EU Harmonization in the Dutch Food Processing Industry

Evidence broadly confirms that European Union (EU) harmonization of food regulations can be considered as a trade-promoting and market-integrating instrument in the Single Market. However, little is known on how this particular trade liberalization measure may impact total factor productivity (TFP). One of the general presumptions is that trade liberalization has a positive impact on productivity through the effect of competitive pressures to which domestic firms are exposed. For instance, as a result of lowering or removing regulatory barriers to trade, a decline in entry costs of foreign and domestic competitors leads to more competitive pressures which have a downward effect on prices and markups and higher TFP through a better reallocation of inputs. The overall evidence shown in this paper leads to the conclusion that the impact of EU harmonization on various TFP measures occurs through a markup mechanism: more EU harmonization results in more competition (lower markups) and greater TFP growth. We also investigate the impact of assumptions relating to market structure and the production function. We empirical test and refute the assumptions of perfect competition and constant returns to scale in our sample. The analysis is carried out at the level of Dutch food processing firms for the 1979–2005 period. We extend and built upon a new database on EU harmonization of regulations in the food industry. The product classification of this database follows the detailed Combined Nomenclature classification that codes the relevant harmonization initiatives of technical regulations at the product level.     

China's Trade: Theory and Policy

The paper reviews the writings of Chinese economists on economic principles relating to international trade. The principal argument presented is that China's foreign trade policies have developed under the influence of both Marxist and conventional western economic thought, though the latter theories are not openly accepted in China and have been applied on a piecemeal basis. The survey also shows that Marxist economics in general, and the Marxist view of foreign trade in particular, have become less relevant to China's foreign trade policy, both theoretically and practically.     

有关投资的贸易措施对经济和发展的影响及其政策选择

联合国贸发会议和WTO正在研究建立一个有关国际投资问题的多边规制框架。本文在此背景下,就有关贸易的投资措施和有关投资的贸易措施进行比较分析,着重分析有关投资的贸易措施对经济和发展的影响,以期帮助我国在双边、区域和多边等各种层次上尽可能切实有效参与国际投资规则的制订工作,更好地维护我国的利益。     

The Rise of China: Prospects of Regional Trade Policy

China now engages in multilateral trade liberalization as a new member of the WTO. Concurrently, the number of regional trade agreements is increasing worldwide. China and its trading partners would benefit from increased regional liberalization. Using a gravity equation for 23 Asia-Pacific countries between 1992 and 2000, we show that ASEAN and APEC currently have small effects on Asia-Pacific exports, which are mainly influenced by growth, trade barriers, and common language. However, we find that China’s participation in regional agreements has large export potentials, not only with respect to ASEAN, but also in a broad agreement including South and East Asian countries. JEL no. F15, F17     

The Dynamics of International Trade Patterns

This paper introduces new dynamic measures for examining changes in international trade patterns. Using data for 20 OECD countries over the 1980–2000 period, we show that inter-industry trade changes contrary to countries’ previous specialization are frequently the dominant form of trade expansion. The econometric analysis indicates that the observed changes in trade patterns were explained by initial endowments of human-capital and industry-specific changes in labour productivity and labour costs. The results also suggest that trade liberalization induced an increase in the previous specialization of larger OECD economies in industries with increasing returns to scale. JEL no. F1, O33, O50     

国际贸易消减国际冲突的理论与经验分析:以亚洲国家为例

当代国际经济与国际政治之间的相互渗透和相互作用越来越明显,国际贸易对国际冲突的影响也愈发重要。本文通过构建模型考察了国际贸易影响国际冲突的机制,基本结论是:贸易可以减少发起国对目标国的冲突,同时,在全球化的条件下贸易能更好地消减国际冲突。本文采用亚洲国家1991～2000年的面板数据所做经验分析也证明了国际贸易对国际冲突的确具有显著的消减作用,并能促进国际合作。     

国际短期资本流动对本外币政策及其协调的影响

本文概括了当代国际短期资本流动发展的特征,包括总体规模、流动速度、流动范围与流动形态的变动,及国内资本与国际短期资本更紧密的连接性等,探讨了国际短期资本流动对本币政策独立性的影响,论述了从三元悖论到货币替代论的理论发展对把握国际短资流动影响所具有的政策意义,阐述了央行的冲销干预后果。论文分析了国际短资流动对于一国外币政策的影响,强调了外币管理政策各项内容间的协调性。论文从目前状态与中长期趋势角度讨论了国际短期资本流动对我国本外币政策及其协调的影响,提出了发展原则与战略,并简论了人民币国际化的政策。     

全球旅游服务贸易9强的国际竞争力的定量分析

本文运用国际竞争力测度指标对全球9大旅游服务贸易收入国家的旅游服务贸易国际竞争力进行了定量分析,通过国际竞争力系数的比较可以得出,旅游服务贸易国际竞争力存在比较优势的国家依次是西班牙、法国、意大利、墨西哥、中国、美国,但英国和德国却是比较劣势较为明显的国家。本文系统地阐述了其存在的原因及趋势。