中国货币供给的内生性问题研究

文章从理论推演、现实经济数据分析及若干影响货币供给的因素分析等方面 ,得出在现阶段 ,我国货币供给具有较强内生性的结论 ,同时结合中国市场经济体制改革以来的实证数据给以经验检验。     

内生货币供给理论视野中的货币政策传导机制

内生货币供给理论认为 ,中央银行基础货币的供给并非是由中央银行完全控制的外生变量 ,而主要是由商品流通及经济活动所内在决定及制约的内生变量 ,并由此决定了在市场化金融体制下 ,应采用以利率为中间目标 ,着眼于货币需求的间接货币调控模式。本文首先阐述了内生货币供给理论的主要观点及利率型传导机制的主要内容 ,然后在此视野内 ,分析了我国基础货币供给的内生特性 ,最后建议中央银行采用“盯住利率型 的货币调控模式以促进经济的持续、稳定发展。当然 ,这有赖于首先建立起良性的利率市场形成机制     

弱外生货币供给条件下货币市场非均衡的理论性研究

文章基于弱外生性货币供给理论,从理论的角度研究了货币市场的供求关系,得出的主要结论有:货币市场确实是非均衡的;货币市场非均衡产生这种非均衡的原因在于:在剔除了市场干扰之外,中央银行的货币政策所产生货币供给净效应并不能正好满足经济运行对货币的需求。     

货币供给内生外生辨析

货币供给究竟是内生的还是外生的,这是货币金融领域始终争论不休的问题。货币数量论从货币数量与物价变动的关系得出货币具有外生性;凯恩斯的货币供给观由于经济环境的改变经历了由内生向外生的转变;后凯恩斯主义者则从信贷货币的产生过程得出货币内生的观点.综观货币发展史,内生与外生之争还有标准的混乱和概念不同等原因。     

内生货币供给与货币政策效应的理论分析和实证检验

货币供给的可控性是货币政策调控经济的基础。长期以来,经济理论界存在着货币供给内生性与外生性的争论,并在其理论基点上提出了不同的政策主张。自改革开放以来,我国经济历经通货膨胀和通货紧缩的波动,货币政策在熨平经济波动中起到了重要作用。然而,1997年我国经济陷入通货紧缩,货币当局扩张性的货币政策似乎并没有改变经济不景气的预期,货币政策效应不佳。本文从货币供给内生性的角度来探讨我国货币政策难以有效调控经济运行的原因,并在对我国宏观经济状况进行历史分析和实证检验的基础上得出结论。     

货币供给内生性研究

一、不同学派对外生性与内生性的界定货币供给究竟是外生的还是内生的,各个学派有不同看法,而且,不同学派对外生性与内生性的界定也不同。货币主义和主流凯恩斯主义认为货币供给函数的性质是稳定可测的,货币供给量具有外生性,是由政策、意志、经济运行过程之外的其他因素决定的外生变量,是中央银行所能完全控制的外生变量。现代货币数量论认为,如果货币供给的变动能使货币需求量受到影响,那么货币供给就是外生的;反之,货币供给量是内生的。后凯恩斯主义,认为主流凯恩斯主义对凯恩斯经济学的解释偏离了凯恩斯的愿意,试图对凯恩斯经济学作出新…     

货币供给的内外生争论迷局

货币学派和后凯恩斯学派关于货币供给内外生争论已持续半个世纪,近年来陷入了“贷款创造存款还是存款创造贷款”的迷局。本文基于货币和信用的关系,试图破解这一迷局。货币（银行信用）与商业信用都是经济主体之间结成的借贷关系,但货币的信用级别要高于一般商业信用。货币供给内生性的根源在于,由于不确定性的普遍存在,经济主体之间的商业信用需要通过信用级别更高的银行信用来代替和清算,通过信用升级来降低风险。当货币供给与一般商业信用的升级和清算需求不一致时,货币支付职能和价值储藏职能的转换、金融产品等准货币与货币的转换会缓解甚至消除货币供求之间的不平衡。在当前货币金融制度下,货币供给的内生本质也不能否认其外生性,货币供给兼具内生和外生两个创造渠道。     

货币供给的性质:内生抑或外生

本文梳理了中外学术界关于货币供给性质的研究文献，在此基础上从币材、经济体制、货币供给结构、货币供给机制等多个层面探讨了货币供给的性质。其研究结论是：在现代市场经济条件下，货币供给兼具内生性和外生性．它既是内生变量又是外生变量。正是货币供给的外生性为中央银行实施货币政策、实现金融宏观调控提供了理论前提。     

货币供给的制度内生与需求内生实证研究

文章分别从基础货币投放的被动性、金融机构的"有价证券与外汇"资产渠道以及利率渠道对我国货币供给的内生性进行了实证研究。研究表明:我国货币供给具有较强的内生性,主要表现为基础货币供给的制度内生和信贷供给的需求内生。为提高当前紧缩性货币政策的有效性,货币当局必须稳定人民币汇率升值预期,提高法定存款准备金率、提高贷款利率尤其中长期贷款利率水平,以此削弱货币供给的制度内生和需求内生。     

基于内外生关系理论的企业专业化成长机制

根据企业内生与外生成长理论,基于世界银行对中国企业投资环境的调查数据,利用OLS与分位数回归重点研究市场集中度、融资成本和研发投入对企业专业成长的影响及其影响机制的差异性.融资成本对企业专业成长有显著负向作用,研发投入则正向促进企业专业成长,而市场集中度与企业专业成长呈现明显的“倒U型”关系特征:市场集中度对企业专业化成长的作用存在一个最优的临界水平;在该水平前,市场集中度对企业专业成长有显著正向效应;在该水平后,市场集中度的提升反而不利于企业专业化成长.     

从内生货币到内生金融:后凯恩斯主义货币金融理论的发展与启示

后凯恩斯主义从反向因果关系和金融创新两个维度诠释了货币内生的机理和过程,但却由于把关注焦点集中于传统商业银行而受到Palley的批评,后者提出用内生金融概念取代内生货币以涵盖非银行金融机构的流动性创造.尽管非银行金融机构创造的负债可以代替货币执行交易媒介的职能,然而其流动性终究是虚拟的,离不开商业银行"真正"流动性的参与和支持.现实生活中,商业银行和非银行金融机构之间的界限日益模糊,整个金融体系在带来远大于内生货币理论描述的金融弹性的同时,也导致更大的金融不稳定性.后凯恩斯主义从内生货币到内生金融理论的发展,丰富了我们对货币金融本质和规律的认识,为走出中国特色金融发展之路提供了参考和借鉴.     

Endogenous Selection of Institutions and Their Exogenous Effects

Institutions shape social outcomes, yet institutions themselves are products of political choices. When institutional choices are determined by the same political and social processes that they shape, institutions are endogenously selected. Here I address the question of whether this endogenous institutional selection necessarily implies endogenous institutional effects. If it does, the use of institutional parameters as independent variables explaining policy outcomes and properties of the resulting political regimes, widespread in the literature on comparative political institutions, is hard to justify. I argue, however, that strategic choice of the rules of the game implies designers' ability to obtain their preferred institutional effects only under conditions of complete information. Under incomplete information, ex-post institutional effects do not need to be endogenous, since at the time of designing the rules the designers were not in position to control the selection of these effects. The reason why the choice of the rules does not imply the choice of their effects lies in the intervening and interactive (rather than additive) role played by the environmental parameters, including players' own characteristics, that are not revealed at the time of the institutional choice. Additionally to the model which illustrates the logic of the argument and the workings of intervening structural effects, I find supporting evidence in the processes of design of election laws in post-communist Europe, where stages of design and implementation followed each other in a very quick succession yet were characterized by substantial changes in manifested institutional preferences of the key political players.     

Framing Modern Monetary Theory

This article argues that Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) has struggled to gain traction in wider economic and political debates due to: (1) An incomplete understanding of key macroeconomic terms among economic commentators, especially journalists, and the wider community (lack of education); and (2) The deployment of key macroeconomic terms (incorrectly) in the context of pervasive cultural metaphors to support policy interventions that effectively benefit a privileged few at the expense of the majority. We provide a conceptual basis for understanding how the language we use constrains our thinking and we examine some of the key metaphors used to reinforce the flawed message of orthodox economics. We examine key ideas of modern monetary theory—an apolitical model of macroeconomic operations—and propose effective ways of expressing those key ideas in a progressive social and economic framework.     

内生周期、外生冲击对中国经济增速的影响——兼论2009年经济增长“保8％”目标的实现

由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融风暴对中国经济产生了较大的影响,内生的中周期下行调整使中国经济增速明显下滑,而外生冲击只是使中国GDP增速下滑加快,并在周期内改变"衰退-萧条-复苏-繁荣"各阶段持续时间配比、加速经济体自组运行中的衰退过程,使经济衰退期偏短,萧条期提前到来.根据近几年三大需求对GDP增长的贡献率和一系列扩张性政策的实施,中国经济增速"保8%"目标是可以实现的.     

Immanuel Kant and Endogenous Growth Theory

Despite the modern origins of endogenous growth theory, we argue that the ‘Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim’ written by Immanuel Kant in 1784 provides an early and coherent example of such a theory. Kant's endogenous growth mechanism is driven by the inherent rivalry that exists between agents which increases effort and strengthens the accumulation of knowledge, which in turn is carried through generations. In an exercise in ‘rational reconstruction’, we present a mathematical model of Kant's mechanism. We use the model to contribute to the contemporary policy debate as to whether ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ leads to excessive effort.     

A Theory of Endogenous Commitment

Commitment is typically modelled by assigning to one of the players the ability to take an initial binding action. The weakness of this approach is that the fundamental question of who has the opportunity to commit cannot be addressed, as it is assumed. This paper presents a framework in which commitment power arises endogenously from the fundamentals of the model. We construct a finite dynamic game in which players are given the option to change their minds as often as they wish, but pay a switching cost if they do so. We show that for games with two players and two actions there is a unique subgame-perfect equilibrium with a simple structure. This equilibrium is independent of the order and timing of moves and is robust to other protocol specifications. Moreover, despite the perfect information nature of the model and the costly switches, strategic delays may arise in equilibrium. The flexibility of the model allows us to apply it to various environments. In particular, we study an entry deterrence situation. Its equilibrium is intuitive and illustrative of how commitment power is endogenously determined.     

Monetary Disequilibrium, Endogenous Money, Stability and the Determinacy of Inflation

This paper examines the stability of the disequilibrium money model, with endogenous money and transitory interest rate control by the Central Bank. In the tradition of the post-Keynesian literature, the money supply is determined by bank lending and disequilibrium between money demand and supply determines the business cycle. The rate of interest is assumed to react to an inflation target and inflation responds to the business cycle. The paper examines the stability of the model under three inflation response systems: the accelerationist model, adaptive expectations and rational expectations.
(J.E.L.: E3, E4, E5).     

货币危机理论综述

20世纪 90年代 ,在欧洲、拉美、东南亚以及其它地区发生的货币危机 ,引起了世界范围对货币投机攻击和固定汇率崩溃的关注。为了理解货币危机发生的原因和后果 ,研究人员进行了大量的理论和经验方面的研究工作。本文主要对有关货币危机理论文献进行较为详细的综述 ,为以后的研究提供一个平台。     

货币政策传导机制：理论发展与现实选择

货币政策的有效传导对提振市场信心、促进经济发展以及平抑经济波动具有重要意义。本文对货币政策传导机制的理论发展进行了系统梳理和评述,并有选择性地对已有理论所揭示的传导机制进行了实证检验。在此基础上,文章根据全球新型金融危机与货币政策之间的紧密联系,提出货币政策的金融市场传导渠道,并基于全景分析视角,将金融市场传导渠道与其他传统渠道共同纳入全景分析中的综合传导体系内,从而形成一个完备的货币政策传导机制的综合理论分析框架,为新形势下我国货币政策的现实选择提供新的理论基础。