跨国公司大面积亏损造成的税收损失问题研究

据统计,在我国有相当部分跨国公司处于亏损状态,这些跨国公司有相当部分是为了避税而人为制造亏损,这给我国的税收造成了很大的损失.如何减少税收损失,从博弈论的角度探讨可以得出结论:较小的跨国公司逃税的概率,有利于增加政府财政收入;较小的税务机关稽查的概率,可以节省稽查成本,根据这两个方面建立完善的管理制度将会减少这方面的税收损失.     

JAVA中环境变量的设置和使用

JAVA程序设计过程中需要涉及环境变量的设置和使用,尤其是path和classpath这两个环境变量.path环境变量用来设置我们要执行的命令所在的目录,而classpath环境变量用来设置我们的JVM虚拟机要查找的类名所在的目录.如何查看、设置、新建和取消环境变量是我们这里要讨论的问题.     

论自然环境对古希腊艺术的影响

古希腊艺术与古希腊自然坏境息息相关,地理环境造就了古希腊艺术的性格;自然物产形成古希腊艺术的主要形式;温和气候以及地理位置铸就古希腊艺术的世界观.本文通过对古希腊自然环境与艺术关系的研究,阐释出古希腊辉煌的艺术深深植根于古希腊的自然环境的土壤中.     

立足创业富民推进创新强市

当前,我们正处于以创新制胜的时代,创新是我们工作的基本要求和永恒主题.创新,对我们来说,不是权宜之计、不是应景之作,而是贯穿于经济社会发展的方方面面,包含在我们工作的每一个环节和部位.     

刍议竞业禁止协议效力

竞业禁止协议,就是指企业与雇员签订的要求雇员在任职期间或者离开工作岗位后一定期限内不得自营或者为他人经营与所任职企业同类经营的协议.关于竞业禁止,在法理上,按照产生的依据,可以将其分为法定的竞业禁止和约定的竞业禁止.法定的竞业禁止源于法律明文规定,如《公司法》对董事、经理同类经营活动的禁止性规定.约定竞业禁止是指雇主以合同或者合同条款的形式,对雇员的从业予以限制,目的在于保护企业的商业秘密,制止不正当竞争.本文所讨论的是约定的竞业禁止.如何认定竞业禁止协议的效力?笔者认为,在认定竞业禁止协议的效力时既要考虑雇员的利益,又要考虑雇主的利益.     

企业家的衍生创业决策分析

创业企业的不断涌现是推动经济发展的一股重要力量.在美国旧金山南端,一条不足1500平方英里的狭长谷地上,每年所创造的国民经济总产值可以与韩国持平,在世界所有独立的经济体中名列第11位,它就是美国硅谷,惠普、IBM、英特尔、仙童、苹果、施乐、雅虎、网景、亚马逊书店等一大批全球新星企业的诞生成就了硅谷的繁荣.在北京大学、清华大学周边大量高新技术企业的创立,造就了中关村在中国的地位.从中我们可以发现,这些新创立的企业中有相当一部分是来自其他企业或大学机构的衍生或裂变.     

漂亮办公楼焉能吸引更多投资

作为国家扶贫开发工作重点县的四川省阆中市(县级市),其一些行政机关却超标建设起各类漂亮的办公楼.相关现象被媒体报道后,引来舆论的强烈批评.但是,阆中市的官员对这种批评却不以为然.审计局局长在解释办公楼为什么要建成别墅造型时说,这样做是为了"节约成本";而阆中市委一名官员则如此来给漂亮办公楼现象"定性":"媒体在报道时,强调了阆中是国定贫困县的背景.但我认为,贫困县难道就不能建一些好的楼房吗?";"漂亮的办公楼也能吸引更多投资,带动阆中经济发展."(9月3日《中国青年报》)     

故宫星巴克事件背后的文化焦虑

从在非洲的投资到在拉美的外交活动,从能源需求到地缘渗透,中国的快速发展正深刻改写着世界权力版图.然而这也带来了新的问题:中国是谁?它将以何种面貌和身份崛起?     

“牛肉面限价”存在什么样的市场需求

一纸限价令,让有关兰州牛肉面的话题就像是刚出锅的牛肉面一样,顿时在全国"热气腾腾"起来.<人民日报>、新华社、央视以及全国各地其他媒体纷纷对此表现出极大的关注.那么,牛肉面究竟该不该限价?据<兰州晨报>报道,相关物价部门,牛肉面与民生息息相关,政府应该管,有关消费者也表示,牛肉面如同水电价,政府应出面干涉.(<兰州晨报>7月9日)     

美国通胀：紧随次贷危机的魔影

由于次贷危机的恶化导致了宏观经济可能出现放缓和收缩,美国国内无论决策层面还是市场层面都对通货膨胀的走势作出了非常乐观地估计,甚至美联储在最新一次的货币政策会议声明中明确指出:"经济增长的风险大于通货膨胀的风险",然而,物价的全新上升态势却让人们本以麻木的神经不得不变得重新绷紧起来。     

Effect of local government expenditure on the ratio of output to capital: Evidence from panel data at China��s provincial level

This paper divides the expenditure of local government into the productive and nonproductive expenditure for revealing the effect of local government’s expenditure on output-capital efficiency through model and empirical analysis. In general, the elasticity of productive expenditure is more than that of nonproductive in a developing country. Therefore, the drawing effect of productive expenditure on economic growth is more than nonproductive one. However, the positive drawing effect of local government’s expenditure on the ratio of output to capital can be displayed only if the expenditure is within a reasonable scale. When the public expenditure has surpassed the limit, there will be a negative influence. Through our empirical analysis on current Chinese economic data, it shows that the positive drawing effect of local government productive expenditure on the ratio of output to capital is remarkable; however, the positive effect of expenditure on economic construction is critically small. In some areas, the government expenditure behavior has indirectly become the economic intervention and it reveals the negative effect and low efficiency in high speed of economic growth. It is imperative for Chinese government to improve the efficiency of economic growth by adjusting the expenditure structure of local government.     

Fiscal Deficit and Economic Growth Nexus in India: A Simultaneous Error Correction Approach

This paper examines the impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth in India, during the period from 1970–71 to 2018–19. Using a combination of Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Simultaneous Error Correction Approach, this study shows that fiscal deficit and revenue deficit have an adverse effect on economic growth both in the long run and in the short run. The empirical analysis confirms that fiscal deficit influences economic growth both directly, and indirectly through the routes of investment, interest rate, current account deficit and composition of government expenditure. Further, gross investment has a positive and inflation rate has a negative impact on economic growth. For a policy perspective, the government should control fiscal deficit and revenue deficit as suggested by the FRBM Act. The composition of government expenditure should be altered to devote more resources for the formation of productive capital in India.

     

Anticipated Environmental Policy and Transitional Dynamics in an Endogenous Growth Model

This paper makes a new attempt toinvestigate how an anticipatedenvironmental policy governs the transitionaldynamics of an economy when pollutionexternality is taken into account. Themodeling strategy we use is an AK technologyendogenous growth framework with an endogenousleisure-labor choice. It is found that, unlikeinelastic labor supply framework, a rise inpublic abatement expenditure will stimulate thebalanced economic growth rate. It is alsofound that public abatement technology plays animportant role in determining the transitionaladjustment of the economic growth rate inresponse to a pre-announced environmentalpolicy.     

Government expenditure and economic growth: A heterogeneous-agents approach

This study examines the relationship between productive government expenditures and economic growth. An R&D-based model of endogenous growth is used, in which agents have heterogeneous entrepreneurial abilities. We show that if the number of high-ability entrepreneurs is non-negligible, then the relationship between the government expenditure/GDP ratio and the economic growth rate is depicted by an inverted U-shaped curve with a flat top. The flat top of the curve indicates that changes in the size of the government expenditures have a limited impact on growth. We calibrate the model using U.S. data and empirically confirm our theoretical predictions. The theoretical and numerical results suggest that the debate on the relationship between the size of the government and economic growth may be off the mark unless the size of the government is extremely large or small.     

Growth effects of public expenditure on the state and local level: evidence from a sample of rich governments

There is a vast empirical literature investigating the relationship between government size and economic growth. But the empirical evidence of growth effects of public expenditure using cross-country regressions is still inconclusive. According to a number of authors this is not surprising since the negative relationship only applies for rich countries with a large public sector. Restricting their analysis on rich countries only they can show the predicted negative impact. Naturally, a selection of a sub-sample of rich countries is always somewhat arbitrary. Another possibility is to concentrate on governments within a rich country. However, only few studies investigate the effect of state and local spending on economic growth. This study concentrates on the relationship between public expenditure and economic growth within a rich country using the full sample of state and local governments from Switzerland over the 1981–2001 period. The general finding is a fairly robust negative relationship between government size and economic growth. However, in contrast to public spending from operating budgets there is no significant impact on economic growth by expenditure from capital budgets.     

Optimal military spending in the US: A time series analysis

This paper extends previous work on the optimal size of government spending by including nested functional decompositions of military spending into consumption and investment. Post World War II US data are then used to estimate nested non-linear growth models using semi-parametric methods. As expected, investments in military and non-military expenditure are both found to be productive expenditures with respect to the private production. Moreover there is little evidence to suggest that current military spending is having a negative impact on economic growth in the US, while civilian consumption only tends to have only a weak impact. This does not imply that society will necessarily benefit from a reallocation of more spending to the military sector, nor that it is the best way to achieve economic growth.     

地方政府财政支出的结构偏异——基于跨界公共事务的视角

本文通过理论分析发现,我国地方政府不仅存在生产性支出偏好,还会在外部性和信息不对称等因素影响下,改变其对跨界公共事务的资金投入。在“量入为出”预算编制原则下,本文利用2010—2019年我国31个省级政府面板数据,实证分析了地方政府一般公共预算收入对跨地区民生性支出、跨地区生产性支出、地区民生性支出和地区生产性支出四类财政支出的影响。结果表明：在全国层面上,跨地区生产性支出受财政收入的影响最大,地区民生性支出次之。比较三类地区的结果发现,区域内政府竞争强度越高,地方政府对外部性的重视程度越强,因而当地用于跨界公共事务的资金会越少。从不同类型财政收入对财政支出的影响结果来看,只有间接税收入可以同时对三类地区财政支出产生显著影响。最后根据研究结论,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

Industrial structure and economic performance: The role of productive public expenditure

I consider productive government spending and preference for diversity in an imperfectly competitive macroeconomic framework, and analyze how differences in industrial structure affect economic growth and the welfare level. Two main findings emerge from the analysis. First, the optimal ratio of government spending is related to the extent of public expenditure externalities and preference for diversity. Second, the vertical separation regime leads to a higher economic growth rate and welfare level than the vertical integration regime, provided that the degree of monopoly power is relatively small.     

THE IMPACT OF ANTI‐TERRORISM EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND WELFARE

This paper examines the effects of increasing anti‐terrorism expenditure on economic growth rate and social welfare. It is shown that: (i) spending the least amount possible on anti‐terrorism expenditure will lead to a maximum economic growth rate; and (ii) to achieve maximum social welfare, the government should allocate its budget to anti‐terrorism expenditure. The results shed light on why the US government has chosen to uphold and pursue its anti‐terrorism policies in recent years to present day.     

增长失衡与政府责任:基于社会性支出角度的分析

There exists a kind of growth imbalance in China’s current development process, which is essentially characterized by the imbalance between the nation’s wealth and the people’s welfare. This paper points out that growth imbalance results mostly from insufficient government social spending on people’s welfare. Consequently, the government should shoulder the basic responsibility for the provision of education, health and social security, quicken the transformation of government expenditure structure and increase the share of social spending, in order to improve the people’s welfare and achieve the rebalancing of growth. The increase in social spending can also promote the accumulation of human capital, which will help the conversion of economic growth pattern and the realization of sustainable and healthy economic development. Translated from Jingji Yanjiu 经济研究 (Economic Research Journal), 2006, (10): 4–17