Why wait to reap the benefits of the improved standard？

ISO,a non-govermental organi-zation,is one of the world’s foremost developers of voluntary technical standards.It has published more than 13500 since it began operations in 1947,covering almost all sectors of business and technology,although it is test known for the ISO 9000 series which is implemented by serveral hundred thousand organizations in 160 countries.     

How to Prepare the Accounting Entry on the Basis of Capital Movement

It is well known that economic transactions must be prepared the accounting entries before they are registered in account books. Therefore, it＇s the most important procedure in the whole accounting work to prepare the accounting entries correctly. This paper puts forward how to prepare the accounting entry on the basis of capital movement because the traditional method is so complex, abstract and incomprehensible to be mastered by beginners. The research shows that the new method proposed in the paper is very direct, pictorial, and concrete. It is very easy to be mastered by a beginner of accounting.     

Health care's future? Look to the past

Although health care is changing, and probably always will be subject to change, there are certain basic themes present at the founding of the U.S. health care system that remain important today. Although these themes could be seen as working against each other, proper attention to both might lead to a "marriage" that could optimize the system and provide, if not a solution, at least a workable system for health care.     

State competition in higher education: A race to the top,or a race to the bottom?

How does competition affect higher education? This paper explores this question for public and private universities. Theory indicates that competition can push higher education policy in one of two different directions. On the one hand, competition may increase spending. For states, this would occur if states treat higher education as developmental; for private universities this would occur if they view spending as a means to attract students and prestige. On the other hand, competition may decrease spending if states treat higher education spending as redistributive, and competition may decrease spending by private schools if lower spending enhances their ability to attract students with low tuition. To determine which of these perspectives is most valid, we examine higher education policy choices in the 1980s and 1990s. We find that states appear to act as if higher education funding is redistributive while private schools appear to compete more on the basis of tuition than spending. These results demonstrate the important effects competition and governance structure have on higher education.Received: August 2001, Accepted: May 2002, JEL Classification: I2, I22, H72, I3     

“Management accountants must learn to speak in the language of the business to be better business partners.”

Praxis | Artikel

“Management accountants must learn to speak in the language of the business to be better business partners.”     

The Research on the Methods to Confirm the Key Control Points of the Internal Accounting Control

The control points are the key issue of the internal control, and the key control points mean the control joints that play an important part in the process of the operation. If these key control points are not well controlled, the process of the operation disposal will be mistaken and cannot reach the goal. However, for the confirmation of the control points, many studies only do qualitative research from the important aspect instead of quantificational research. They are devoid of a series of scientific methods. This paper advances quantificational methods to confirm the key control points from two aspects of job evaluation and mathematics model.     

The Study of the Application of the Gray Relevancy Analysis to the Value Chain Based Cost Control

Cost problem is always a bottleneck which ties to the development and the competition ability in the enterprise of our country, especially in state-owned enterprise. Practice proves that traditional cost control can not satisfy the needs of enterprises. Enterprises are seeking better cost control approach with great efforts in order to calculate and control cost more accurately, and require cost control system has more strong functions. This paper analyzes value chain based cost control approach, and applies the gray relevancy analysis to the approach rightly.     

Adapting public–private governance to the local context

Abstract

The article analyses the reform of water and sanitation services in Italy, which was introduced in 1994 and is still not fully implemented in many important respects. The introduction of a purchaser–provider split as envisaged in the national reform has had to come to terms with local power relationships and industrial and managerial status quo. In particular, network structures, leadership, and stakeholders' trade off along the top–down process from the policy design to final impacts prove to be relevant not only in reducing, but also in radically redefining objectives and outcomes of the policy. Thus, the concepts of governance and regulation at the local level are critically assessed in view of their dependence on the interplay of actors in local arenas, where power remains a prominent factor in determining processes and outcomes.     

Skill: the solution to low wage work?

During the UK Labour government's 13 years in power, raising skill levels was seen as the principal mechanism to improve the position of workers stuck in low wage jobs. This article draws together research undertaken in low wage sectors to question the assumptions that underlay Labour's approach to low pay.     

On statistical approaches to the study of the “Law of Initial Values”

This paper is concerned with the well-known Law of Initial Values (Wilder, 1931, 1967). First, possible causes of this phenomenon of initial value dependence are discussed. The limitations of a structural relationships based method for testing its effect in empirical data sets in social and behavioral science research are next discussed. Within the popular structural equation modeling methodology, a multiple-indicator model is then focused on, which allows studying the Law of Initial Values. The described approach is illustrated using data from a cognitive intervention study (Baltes, Dittmann-Kohli & Kliegl, 1986).     

Extensions to the Controlling Stockholder＇s Governance Model

Under the assumptions that investment return increases with the increase of the cash-flow rights held by the controlling stockholder, and the increase of investment return decreases the marginal profit-diverting cost. This paper designs a model to show that： below a threshold level, with the increase of the cash-flow rights held by the controlling stockholder, the profit-diverting shares will probably go up, and the Tobin＇s Q of a listed company maybe go down; Only after that threshold point, does the profit-diverting share become a decreasing function of the cash-flow rights held by the controlling stockholder, and hence does Tobin＇s Q become an increasing function of the cash-flow rights held by the controlling stockholder.     

Survey of the Creditor＇s Ability to Collect and Use the Enterprise Information

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the creditor＇s ability to collect, analyze and judge business information, which is a realistic problem for the bank to control the risk of loan effectively. We not only know the bank＇s application of financial and non-financial information during the process of credit extension but also investigate the use of non-financial information by questionnaire. It is discovered that the bank even believes the information that directly acquired by itself while collecting, analyzing and judging the reliability of business information. Through some sensitive information such as the changing of accounts receivable and cash flow and the connection trade, it can predict the potential risk further. In addition, the results show that it is the perfection of internal control system of intermediary （such as accounting firm） and the business enterprise itself that make the bank get the true information of business enterprise.     

The Market Reaction to the Pronouncements Related to International Accounting Standards （IAS） 19R

This paper examines whether and how investors reacted to the pronouncements related to International Accounting Standards （IAS） 19R. Using a sample of 401 European firms reporting pension and retirement expense during the period of 2006-2011, this paper finds negative abnormal returns around the pension project initiation by the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB）. More importantly, the abnormal returns are more negative for firms with higher financial leverage and lower ratios of net periodic pension cost to net income, but less negative for firms in countries with weak creditor rights （CR） and infrequent use of the corridor approach under IAS 19. Additionally, the effects of financial leverage and the ratio of net periodic pension cost to net income on the abnormal returns are more pronounced for smaller firms. Overall, the results are consistent with the view that recognition of previously disclosed off-balance-sheet pension liabilities as required by IAS 19R increases debt contracting costs, and highlight the importance of considering firm size and CR in international tests of debt contracting theory.     

Why is the payoff to schooling smaller for immigrants?

To answer the question, this paper uses the Over-Required-Under Education technique, a new decomposition methodology and data on adult men from the 2000 US Census. Using the 510 three-digit occupational categories, similar patterns emerge whether the mean or mode of education in the occupation is used as the typical (required) level. The partial effect of the occupation's typical schooling level is the same for immigrants and natives. About two thirds of the smaller effect of schooling on earnings is attributable to differences by nativity in the payoffs to over/under education. The remainder is largely due to the different distributions by nativity of over/under education. Favorable immigrant selectivity, especially among the least skilled, and to a lesser extent, limited transferability of foreign schooling, is largely responsible for these patterns. A variety of tests of robustness are performed, including separate analyses for child and adult immigrants.     

Modeling the time to an initial public offering: When does the fruit ripen?

This paper uses a duration model to examine credit unions who have converted to mutual savings institutions. We investigate the characteristics that they possess which might influence the probability that they subsequently demutualize and become publicly traded banks. Our key findings are as follows. First, we find evidence of positive duration dependence in the data we examine. Second, we find that the hazard of an IPO issue increases in two waves. The first occurs between 3 1/2 years to 4 years reflecting the increased transition intensity for those who wish to demutualize early. However, the majority of the institutions in our sample do so by approximately 8 years after conversion, and this is where the second spike in the hazard occurs. Finally, upon estimating the model with Cox’s (Biometrika 62:269–276, 1975) semi-parametric partial likelihood approach, we find the probability that a converted institution will issue an IPO is influenced to a large extent by various measures that capture asset quality, in particular through measures that are equity driven. However, contrary to what is found in the literature on bank transformation, we find that the size of an institution does not appear to influence the hazard rate within this industry.