Restructuring FDI policy in emerging economies: The republic of Korea case

This article presents several frameworks for examining the effect of a national financial crisis as a stimulus for economic reform and applies them to the Korean case 1997–2001. The author lists significant dimensions of reform and restructuring, presents a schema showing macro reform measures and some possible micro ramifications regarding a country's policies toward incoming foreign direct investment, and extends the schema to the concept of a trade‐off between macro and micro determinants of a country's attractiveness to foreign direct investment. There is also a chart highlighting the extent of government allowance of foreign equity participation. The author uses all these concepts to analyze the Republic of Korea's response to the financial crisis of 1997–1999. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Predominant sources and contributors of influential business ethics research: evidence and implications from a threshold citation analysis

Influential or frequently cited business ethics research does not appear in a vacuum; our study reveals its predominant sources and contributors by discipline. By examining citations from articles published in three top business ethics journals (Journal of Business Ethics, Business Ethics Quarterly and Business Ethics: A European Review) over the period 2004–2008, we document that the preponderance of influential business ethics research comes primarily from the management faculty. In addition, management journals and management books are the predominant sources for influential business ethics research. Further, among the management fields, organizational behavior and organizational structure predominate leadership and strategy as the major subject areas for influential business ethics research, suggesting that this influential body of research is focused on a micro rather than on a macro context. These empirical results lend credence to the perception that there is a silo effect in influential business ethics research and suggest that business ethics research in a micro context might have permeated to the teaching of business ethics.     

KOREAN MULTINATIONALS' FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT PROJECTS: Variability in the Micro- and Macro-Level Determinants

Both theory and policy should be more sensitive to projectlevel features in analyses of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study tests hypotheses about the relative importance of the determinants of Korean multinationals' FDI. The study attempts to explain the often inconclusive and conflicting results of many previous empirical studies of the determinants of FDI; these studies have failed to take into account the variability in the determinants across types of FDI projects based on their strategic objectives and production functions. On the basis of empirical results, the present study offers a framework for the analysis of the determinants of FDI that incorporates project variables at the micro level and country variables at the macro level. These variables include host country policies, such as investment incentives and trade barriers.     

ASPEM as the New Topographic Analysis Tool for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Performance Models Utilization

Quantifying and measuring small firm performance is vital in our understanding of how internationalization influences firm performance. That is also important when attempting to grasp the mechanisms of the internationalization processes. There are few methods used for the evaluation of performance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SMEs). These methods can be either macro or micro economic in nature. Hazard Modeling, Stochastic Models, and Learning Models are examples of macro economic models while Z-Scores, ZETA-Scores, Neural Networks, and the SIV^® model are examples of micro models. Choosing the most suitable performance model is an essential step in order to maximize our knowledge in relation to firm performance. Utilizing SMEs performance measures without thinking about the category of model, will bias the outcome of the majority of SMEs studies. However, using firm performance diverse models in an efficient manner requires strategic thinking. In this paper, we are re-introducing a tool that can accommodate that aspect. Abouzeedan (2002) designated the new tool: the Arena of SMEs Performance Models or an ASPEM diagram. The horizontal axis in the diagram indicates the Information Intensity Requirements of the model. The vertical axis indicates the Coverage Intensity of the model varying from an individual firm up to a whole group of firms. By allocating each of the SMEs performance models, at the suitable region of the ASPEM Diagram, researchers can better build a sound strategy for the application of these methods.     

货币政策风险传导微观机制的区域异质性

宏观货币政策选择须建立在微观企业行为的正确理解之上。本文从风险维度研究货币政策对不同区域企业传导机制的差异,结果表明：同一货币政策工具对不同经济区域、不同省份的风险传导效应均存在差异;利率对不同经济区域以及不同省份企业的风险传导效应强于存款准备金率。本研究结论在宏观层面可为央行制定区域货币政策提供思路,在微观层面可为企业选择投资区域提供参考依据。     

中国妇女人工流产影响因素的多水平分析

使用多水平模型对1992—1997年中国妇女人工流产行为进行了分析,目的是考察和检验宏观（省级水平）和微观（个人水平）因素对中国妇女分孕次人工流产概率的独立影响及其显著性。多水平模型在模拟具有层次结构性的数据上要优于传统的回归模型,在社会科学领域正在被越来越广泛地应用。多水平模型结果显示:无论是宏观因素还是微观因素,都对妇女人工流产有独立而显著的影响,微观影响在所有孕次都是显著的,而宏观影响则取决于孕次。同时宏观因素对微观上的人工流产社会经济差异也具有显著影响,并与孕次有很大关系。本文的多水平模型有助于全面认识我国妇女人工流产的影响因素。     

我国企业对外直接投资的绩效评价与主体分析

由于制度安排不当及投资主体错位,我国有企业对外直接投资宏观与微观绩效偏低,从市场体制背景、政策制度因素与民营企业自身综合优势等方面的分析表明:我国未来对外直接投资主体是民营企业而非国有企业.     

The Power Motive and Organizational Structure: A Micro-Macro Connection

A model is described which includes a taxonomy of the power-motive profiles of individuals-a taxonomy of situational types based upon power considerations and a conceptual link among organizational structure, power-situation type, and individual power motives. The model provides a theoretical connection between micro and macro theories of organizational behaviour and adds some clarification and system to nPow theory. Résumé Le modèle décrit inclut la taxonomie des caractéristiques d'attraction au pouvoir des individus-une taxonomie de situations diverses fondée sur des considérations relatives au pouvoir et sur le lien conceptuel reliant la structure organisationnelle, le type de pouvoir découlant de la situation, et les motivations individuelles. Ce modèle prouve le lien théorique entre les théories micro et macro-économiques du comportement organisationnel, et clarifie et systématise la théorie nPow.     

制度距离与外商直接投资--一项基于中国的经验研究

利用2000-2003年间69个投资国和地区的国别资料,本文分析了制度上的差异与作为东道国的中国吸引外商直接投资之间的关系.研究结果表明:文化制度差异越大,投资国在中国的直接投资越少;包括法律完善程度和私有财产保护程度在内的法律制度差异越大,投资国在中国的直接投资越少;贸易政策、货币政策、金融管制政策等宏观经济制度差异越大,投资国在中国的直接投资越少;政府干预程度、工资控制程度和市场规范程度等微观经济制度差异越大,投资国在中国的直接投资越少.在上述发现的基础上,本文提出了相应的政策建议.     

The Developmental Impact of Asian Drivers on Ethiopia with Emphasis on Small‐scale Footwear Producers

(1252) Tegegne Gebre‐Egziabher This paper examines the developmental impact of China and India on Ethiopia by examining macro‐level trade, investment and aid relation, and micro‐level impacts on local micro and small‐scale footwear producers. Both secondary and primary data were used. At macro level there are clear evidences of an increase in trade between Ethiopia on the one hand and China and India on the other, though the trade balance disfavours Ethiopia. China has displaced other countries as export destinations for Ethiopia. Similarly, the presence of China and India is also felt in the areas of investment and aid. At local level, Chinese imports of footwear have forced local enterprises to downsize their activity and lose assets and money. At the same time, however, firms have followed both the high road of competition (design and quality improvement, investment in machinery, product specialisation) and the low road of competition (lowering price and profit, reducing raw materials and inputs, and joining the informal sector) to withstand the impact of Chinese imports. The long‐term effect of Chinese imports is to crowd out local efforts of using the sector as the basis for industrialisation. Government, non‐government organisations and local producers should work together in order to withstand the negative impacts of footwear imports by raising the competitiveness of the local producers.     

Emerging Profiles of Polish Outward Foreign Direct Investment

In this study, the authors identify the emerging profiles of Poland's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) at the macro- and micro-levels and propose relevant policy measures. They also set up a theoretical framework for further investigation of the identified trends and patterns. Both types of analysis—macro and micro—point to a regional focus of Poland's OFDI on Europe and to a sectoral concentration on services, followed by manufacturing. At the same time, the micro-analysis reveals a dominant role of a few largest Polish multinationals in the country's OFDI.     

RECONSIDERING THE INVESTMENT–PROFIT NEXUS IN FINANCE‐LED ECONOMIES: AN ARDL‐BASED APPROACH

A Post‐Keynesian growth model is developed, in which financial variables are explicitly taken into account. Variants of an investment function are estimated econometrically, applying the ARDL (auto‐regressive distributed lag)‐based approach proposed by Pesaran et al. (Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), pp. 289–326). The econometric results are discussed with respect to a remarkable phenomenon that can be observed for some important OECD countries since the early 1980s: accumulation has generally been declining while profit shares and rates have shown a tendency to rise. We concentrate on one potential explanation of this phenomenon, which is particularly relevant for the USA and relies on a high propensity to consume out of capital income.     

The economics of the super‐multiplier: A comprehensive treatment with labor markets

This paper links the super‐multiplier to Keynesian macroeconomics, showing it to be the most Keynesian of growth perspectives. Next, the paper shows that the super‐multiplier is a micro‐economically coherent theory of investment and capital accumulation. Firms’ decisions regarding capital accumulation coordinate demand and supply growth in goods markets. The paper then explores the implications of incorporating the super‐multiplier in the neo‐Kaleckian and Cambridge growth models. Lastly, it shows how labor markets and unemployment can be added into super‐multiplier models to provide a comprehensive growth model that addresses Solow's (1956, Journal of Economics, 70, 65–94) labor market knife‐edge problem. Incorporating labor markets does not change the fundamental super‐multiplier result that growth is determined by the growth of autonomous demand.     

Product Innovation and Irregular Growth Cycles with Excess Capacity

A non‐linear growth model is presented that provides a solution to Harrod's knife‐edge problem within the Keynesian multiplier–accelerator framework. The model introduces product innovation into a conventional investment function. Statistical analysis demonstrates that such an investment function matches the data better than the conventional one. Dynamic analysis shows that irregular growth cycles could occur with excess capacity.     

Taiwanese Retailing: Market Analysis and Retail Branding Model Application

ABSTRACT

The Taiwanese retail market is in a highly competitive stage. In the past three decades, the Taiwan retail grocery market has experienced many developments and changes, and recently, has started to realize the importance of developing its own retail brand. Although the idea of retail branding is still new in Taiwan, the major hypermarket players have tried to build up their own brand image and create new own label products which differ from other competitors. This paper explores retail branding in the Taiwan hypermarket industry through macro/micro environment analysis and applying retail branding models to the Taiwanese retail market. The macro/micro environment analysis is undertaken by the two STEPs model and the retail branding model is created from Dawson's three levels model combined with previous studies and theories. The approach in this study involves literature reviews and secondary research in the field of the Taiwanese retail market. The outcome of this study is to highlight key issues that deserve further research.     

通货膨胀预期陷阱理论新探——基于货币政策时间非一致性视角

在货币政策时间非一致性的视角下,借鉴国内外现有研究成果,综合运用宏微观经济模型组的均衡与非均衡分析方法,探究通货膨胀预期陷阱的基本范畴、理论模型、生成机理、社会经济效应和对策等理论问题,这有别于目前主要运用货币政策效用函数和损失函数来分析货币政策时间非一致性问题的一般研究方法。     

Does Economic Diplomacy Work? A Meta‐analysis of Its Impact on Trade and Investment

We review the literature on economic diplomacy and provide a meta‐analysis of 32 empirical studies published in 1986–2011 that deal with the trade and investment impact of economic diplomacy (embassies, consulates, other diplomatic facilities, investment and export promotion offices, trade and state visits). Controlling for differences in research design, methodology, time frame and manner of data, we find a positive and significant effect of economic diplomacy on international economic flows with the exception of state visits and that this is true in a sample of 627 t‐statistics analysed with OLS and for a larger sample of 963 reported significance levels analysed with logit thus illustrating robustness with respect to sample and estimation technique. Our analyses show that reported effects of economic diplomacy on trade and investment in individual studies are sensitive to model specification. The primary studies that investigate only one source country are less likely to report significant positive effects. Compared to other sciences, economic studies are less likely to report significantly positive effects of economic diplomacy. Primary studies lump embassies and consulates (general) into one indicator miss that these instruments differ significantly. Embassies, consulates and agencies should thus be included as separate instruments in future research.     

我国P2P小额信贷平台效率研究

资本对企业发展所处的地位,决定了P2P网络信贷对中国经济的重要影响。在宏观上它促进了国内资本的优化配置,丰富了老百姓的投资选择。它是对银行信贷配给制度的一种补充。然而很少有文章从定量的角度分析P2P网络信贷平台的运行效率。因此,文章从此视角出发,通过DEA模型对中国22家知名P2P小额贷款公司进行了效率分析,让我们更清楚地了解目前我国贷款平台规模报酬及纯技术效率所处水平,进而提出一些建议及对策,为进一步研究P2P网络信贷平台打下基础。     

领导干部自然资源资产离任审计与企业环保投资

文章以我国分阶段开展领导干部自然资源资产离任审计试点为契机，利用沪深A股重污染企业和企业所在城市的匹配数据，构建多期双重差分模型，探讨开展领导干部自然资源资产离任审计对企业环保投资的影响。研究发现，审计试点能够显著提升处理组的内部环保投资和绿色并购支出水平。分样本检验的结果表明，因辖区空气质量、官员任期、来源地和企业产权性质的差异，可能会导致晋升压力及政绩考核方式的不同，进而对企业环保投资产生异质性影响。机制检验结果表明，审计试点期间，地方政府主要通过强化环境监管推动企业环境治理行为。文章的研究为考察领导干部自然资源资产离任审计的微观政策效果提供了经验证据和政策启示。     

An Empirical Investigation of Dual Network Effects in Innovation Project Development

As innovation project developers advance their knowledge through more project experience, cross-project learning is likely to enhance project performance. Past research has demonstrated positive contributions of developer networking at the macro (project) level. However, the network effects at the micro (project property) level have not been studied as much. To address this gap, we apply a network model to examine which project properties (e.g., the project's operating system and topic) generate positive or negative network effects in addition to the macro network effect when developers engage in multiple projects. In this dual (developer and property) network model, we theorize that positive network effects take place because of cross-project learning and knowledge exchange, whereas negative network effects can also occur due to time constraints and cognitive overloading. In addition to such dual network effects, we also consider such project success predictors as spatial and temporal reach opportunities for project users (scope of translations and project age) and human resources availability (developer team size). Our empirical application using open source software (OSS) data demonstrates that the presented model can effectively integrate both the dual network effects and non-network variables as factors influencing the commercial success of OSS projects.