中国收入差距中的机会不均等

本文使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据和基于回归方程的分解方法,将全国、城镇和农村地区的收入差距分解为源于环境因素的机会不均等、源于努力因素的收入不均等,以及源于运气和未知因素的收入不均等三大成分,研究结果如下。(1)2010—2015年,全国、城镇和农村机会不均等均经历了先上升后下降的过程,但出生时户籍的贡献度有上升趋势。(2)通过估算,2010年我国机会不均等为24.39%,2012年为28.04%,2013年达到峰值35.72%,2015年下降到30.56%,而如果不考虑党员身份、迁移两个努力变量以及环境变量与努力变量的交互影响,估算结果会被高估至少8个百分点;居住地、性别、出生时户籍是机会不均等的重要来源。(3)2010—2015年,农村机会不均等平均水平达到33.31%,高出城镇约8个百分点。其中,年龄与性别因素是导致农村机会不均等过高的原因,而居住地差异是城镇机会不均等的主要来源。基于此,本文建议从协调区域发展、完善就业公平竞争机制、加快户籍制度改革三个方面减缓机会不均等。     

Inequality and Competitiveness

This article suggests a theoretical exploration of possible relationships between several issues normally discussed separately: the long-standing capital/labour debate, the distinctions between popular capitalism (ie universal or very widespread shareholding) and stakeholding, poverty and inequality and the factors which promote productivity and competitiveness in firms. The author argues that the promotion of competition and its attendant increases in inequality are likely to reduce competitiveness.     

中国消费不平等演变趋势及其原因

探究消费不平等对于理解中国居民经济福利不平等具有重要意义.利用1992-2010年城镇居民调查数据,本文考察了居民消费不平等的演变趋势和原因.结果发现:1992年以来,中国居民总体消费支出不平等呈上升趋势;分类看,教育、娱乐和交通通讯消费支出不平等程度上涨幅度更大,而家庭设备用品和医疗保健消费不平等则呈下降趋势.通过分解收入不平等,我们发现临时收入不平等对消费不平等具有重要影响.这表明政策制定者应进一步完善消费信贷市场和社会保障,减少临时收入波动对居民消费不平等的冲击.     

搜索引擎引爆营销革命

搜索框的出现不仅仅是因为传统广告信息容易的局限性,更多的是因为搜索引擎的出现使得现在的消费者在搜索过程中主动表达了自己的消费需求。从传统的AIDMA到如今的SISAS,搜索引擎正改变着人们的消费链条,而广告主要做的就是如何利用搜索引擎营销去更有效地满足消费者的这种需求。     

搜索引擎市场化如何应对法律缺失?

今年3月,法新社将Google告上法庭,这一事件引发业界对搜索引擎市场运作如何应对法律缺失的思考     

论全球化经济的不平等性

传统的国际贸易理论和新制度经济学理论对国际贸易的趋势与格局有着截然不同的看法。本文以大量的南北差距和全球化经济不平等的事实为依据,验证了新制度经济学派的贸易理论,得出全球化经济具有不平等的重要结论。在全球化经济不平等的影响下,寻求适合自身的发展模式就成为发展中国家的一项尤为重要的任务。     

贸易自由化购中国农村收入不均等的影响

贸易自由化是一个利益重新分配、资源重新配置的过程，以国际贸易理论为基础，论述了贸易自由化对中国农村居民收入不均等程度影响的传导机制，利用1988—2005年中国各省份面板数据，从实证的角度分析贸易自由化对中国农村居民收入不均等的影响，并结合中国的实际，对分析结果进行了剖析和解释，给出了相关的政策建议。     

The Impact of Income Inequality on Product Diversity and Economic Growth

The paper presents an empirical analysis of a model of endogenous growth and innovation with unequal incomes and hierarchical consumer demand. The theoretical model predicts a positive impact of income inequality on product diversity. The impact of inequality on per-capita growth may be positive or negative depending upon the assumptions about productivity growth, where the standard assumption that productivity is positively related to product diversity implies a positive impact. In the empirical part, indices for absolute and relative product diversity are calculated from ICP-expenditure data. The empirical evidence shows that a significant positive relationship exists between income inequality and relative product diversity and that the relationship between income inequality and economic growth is negative and significant. The results lead to the conclusion that the diversity-productivity relationship used in new growth theory has to be treated with scepticism.     

Inequality and Europe 2020

The European Commission put forward its strategy for the 2010–2020 period in its Europe 2020 Communication. Inequality should be seen as a cornerstone of both sustainable and inclusive growth. In fact, unequal societies are also more unstable societies (i.e. unsustainable) and more polarised (i.e. exclusive). The analysis of available data and the established consensus in the literature shows four main stylised facts.     

Inequality and entrepreneurial thresholds

We explore the relationship between inequality and entrepreneurial activity. Drawing on cross-sectional data from a largescale survey of the economic conditions of individuals across India, we develop a number of dimensions of inequality to explore empirically how inequality interacts with entrepreneurship, operationalized as self-employment or as employing other people. We find compelling evidence that there are thresholds to becoming self-employed, and even more so to assembling the combinations of resources and personal attributes required to become an employer. Greater inequality leaves more people unable to make the transition to self-employment, leaving casual laboring as the occupation of necessity. At the same time, inequality increases the number of employers in a society, by concentrating resources - particularly land and finance - enough for significant numbers of people to be able to cross this higher threshold. Lastly, greater differentiation into social or religious groups curtails the ability to cross either entrepreneurial threshold, presumably by limiting the extent and benefits of social networks of value for entrepreneurship.     

贸易自由化对中国农村收入不均等的影响

贸易自由化是一个利益重新分配、资源重新配置的过程,以国际贸易理论为基础,论述了贸易自由化对中国农村居民收入不均等程度影响的传导机制,利用1988-2005年中国各省份面板数据,从实证的角度分析贸易自由化对中国农村居民收入不均等的影响,并结合中国的实际,对分析结果进行了剖析和解释,给出了相关的政策建议。     

我国城镇居民收入分配差距的实证分析

1978－1999年,中国经济高速发展,带动城镇居民人均可支配收入增长3倍以上,与此同时,收入差距也不断扩大。对改革开放以来收入分配进行了回顾,并作了国际比较。深入分析了城镇居民收入差距的成因和现状。     

Myths and Facts About Inequality

Germany’s social contract, its “social market economy” for the past seven decades, has aimed at spreading wealth and providing a broad social safety net for all groups of society. Yet a defining feature of Germany’s new economy has been the sharp increase in inequality.     

Causes of Changing Inequality in the World

To come up with a theory that explains inequality and that has common application across many countries, we need measurements of inequality across countries and through time that are reasonably comprehensive and reasonably reliable — and this is a major challenge. For most countries in the world today, growth reduces inequality, and rich countries are more egalitarian than poor ones. However, there are exceptions. While global financial forces and changing financial conditions have played a powerful role affecting economic inequalities, there does not appear to be a single permanent trend to inequality.     

Wealth and Income Inequality in Europe

While it has long been apparent that global levels of wealth and income inequality have been steadily increasing since the 1970s, the issue received scant attention in Europe until the recent fi nancial crisis and the resulting Great Recession illuminated for the general public just how great the chasm between the very rich and everybody else had grown. This realisation was coupled with an increased focus on inequality among economists and other academics, leading to a fresh drive for policy ideas to remedy the alarming trend. This Forum comprises a diverse range of viewpoints on the recent history and dynamics of inequality within Europe, each striving to defi ne the root causes in the various countries being examined. The defi nition of these causes, of course, can inform the direction of policies aimed at alleviating the growing inequality in many European countries and thereby curtail one of the major political and social issues of our time.     

Inequality and endogenous trade policy outcomes

An enduring puzzle in international economics is why trade interventions are biased in favor of import-competing rather than export sectors and therefore restrict trade. In this paper, we show that if the government's objective reflects a concern for inequality then trade policy generally exhibits an anti-trade bias. Importantly, under neutral assumptions, the mechanism that we analyze generates the anti-trade bias independently of whether factors are specific or mobile across sectors. The mechanism also generates an anti-trade bias between large countries even after they sign reciprocal trade agreements that eliminate any terms-of-trade motivation for the use of trade protection.