Structural change in the Australian electricity industry during the 1990s and the effect on household income distribution: A macro–micro approach

The Australian electricity industry experienced significant structural change during the 1990s mainly as a result of microeconomic reform. We analyse the effects of the structural change on the distribution of household income using a macro–micro approach. Our work shows that, nationwide, all income deciles experience higher real incomes in the order of 2%. Our results show that a previously state-owned monopoly industry can experience significant structural change while generating significant improvements in household real income without leading to significantly adverse impacts on national or regional income inequality. It suggests that policy makers in advanced economies should seriously consider such reforms given that they may generate large economic benefits with rather small economic costs.     

产业政策对企业绩效的影响及作用机制研究——来自中国光伏产业的经验数据

选取2009—2019年60家沪深上市光伏企业面板数据,以2009—2019年我国部委及以上部门颁布的243条光伏产业政策为研究对象,运用Stata15构建固定效应模型,检验产业政策对企业创新绩效和经济绩效的影响及其在不同区域创新环境和企业性质下的差异。结果表明,产业政策能够有效促进企业创新绩效提升,但会抑制企业经济绩效提升;企业经济绩效在光伏产业政策与企业创新绩效间发挥部分中介效应,其中在国有企业中表现为抑制作用,在非国有企业中表现为促进作用;区域创新环境在产业政策作用于企业创新绩效过程中起抑制作用。进一步区分企业所有制后发现,在光伏产业政策影响下,国有企业创新绩效不受区域创新环境影响,非国有企业创新绩效受到区域创新环境的负面影响;区域创新环境能够促进非国有企业经济绩效提升,但对国有企业经济绩效没有影响。研究结论可为我国政府合理制定光伏产业政策及光伏企业提高创新绩效提供启示。     

European economic integration and industrial policy ∗

This article argues that the theoretical framework that can be used to inform us of the industrial policy implications of European economic integration is very different from the neoliberalist perspective that has proved so popular in recent years. Here I argue the importance of adopting a proactive and selective industrial policy aimed at strategically important areas of the economy.     

外商在华投资产业结构特徵

本文围绕外商直接投资（FDI）与产业结构变动展开,重点放在1992—2007年期间。首先回顾了外商直接投资在中国经济建设申的作用,并验证了国际投资理论在中国的适用性。接着系统分析了在外资产业结构和地区产业分布非均衡发展的情况下,分别分析了外资在第一、二、三产业的特点和变动趋势、产业内部特徵,外资产业变动与中国三次产业变动的关联性。最後分析了物资进入中国的地区分布差异,外商投资在东部、中部和西部地区产业结构特徵,以及外资产业与中国产业结构在不同地区变动的关联性和相互作用。     

产业集群竞争优势及其政策选择--结构与效能的分析框架

产业集群作为一种新的竞争单元，其优势越来越被理论界和各级政府部门所认可。产业集群已成为地区经济发展和区域核心竞争力提升的理想模式。正是由于产业群这种区域经济发展模式本质上具有竞争优势，我国应把它提升到战略高度加以重视和推广，其政策选择应该是把公共政策的重点转向促进地方产业群的培育发展和升级上。     

长江经济带产业结构演变及政策取向

本文基于SSM模型对2003-2012年长江经济带三次产业结构的演变进行研究,并分析其演变的影响因素。结果表明：长江经济带三次产业产值稳步增长,份额有所提高,结构演变过程中第二产业、第三产业交替主导;长三角地区产业结构合理,第三产业凭借较强的竞争力成为地区经济的主导产业;长江中上游地区经济增速较快,第一产业、第二产业竞争力强,形成以第二产业为主导的经济体系;政策导向影响、要素价格变化、区域分工合作以及产业发展的客观规律是长江经济带产业结构演变的主要影响因素。有鉴于此,本文提出一系列产业发展政策建议,以期促进长江经济带经济可持续发展。     

中国区域旅游产业结构变化的空间差异分析

利用区位熵、产业集中度指数和产业结构变化指数以及产业结构变化方向四个理论模型,以2000—2009年旅游产业统计数据基础,分析了我国不同区域旅游核心产业之间的变化及差异。结果表明：旅游核心产业的区位熵总体呈现出东高西低的梯度递减格局,其中旅行社业的区域特征最为明显。从多年的发展趋势来看,我国旅游产业的区位熵总体呈现出区域均衡化发展的趋势;产业集中度指数方面区域特征相对较弱,但总体向酒店行业集中。发展趋势方面,总体呈现出逐年降低的趋势,说明我国旅游产业间的空间差异也在向均衡化发展;产业结构变化指数近年来发展趋势相对平缓,空间方面总体呈现出北大南小,东、西部变化大,中部小的格局;产业结构变化方向有一定差异,但较为一致,总体表现为旅游景区业和旅行社业上升,旅游星级饭店业下降的趋势。     

产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的空间分析--以河南省为例

产业结构变动是影响区域经济增长的重要因素。采用多部门经济模型和基于统计角度的GDP产业结构贡献度测算方法,以河南省为例,分析了1994—2003年10年来产业结构变动对经济增长的贡献,发现产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的空间差异明显,地区产业结构变动差异较大,各地产业结构调整进展不一。产业结构变动对区域经济增长的贡献与区域经济增长之间存在显著的负相关关系,经济增长率降低是结构调整的基本动力之一,而结构调整又成为经济增长的动力。影响产业结构变动对区域经济增长贡献的主要因素是区域产业结构政策和产业投资政策,人均GDP、年均GDP则与其不相关或弱相关。     

A research on the evolvement of industrial structure and economic growth of He'nan Province, China

This paper,based on the investigation of the statisties in the years of 1980-2005,using Shift-Share Method model,studies systematically the relation between the evolution of industrial structure and regional economic growth in five economic regions in He'nan to offer the foundation of policy for optimizing the industrial structure and promoting regional economic development in phase,and thereby comes to the conclusions:(1) the industrial structure level of He'nan,in comparison with the evolution of the industrial structure across the country,remains low,but yet the evolutional tendency of industrial structure in He'nan complies with the Clark law of the industrial structure evolution,(2)thespatial difference of He'nan industrial structure evolution is comparatively large,(3)the evolution of industrialstructure in He'nan that influences economic growth can be categorized into three types:in eastern and southern regions.the shift-share of the industrial structure is negative,and the shift-share model of competitiveness is negative:in western and central regions,the shift-share of the industrial structure is positive,and the shift-share model of competitiveness is positive;in northern regions,the shift-share of the industrial structure is positive,and the shift-share model of competitiveness is negative;(4) the evolution of industrial structure influences greatly the development of the regional economy of He'nan.As the results of the researches shown,it can claim that the technological innovation of He'nan traditional industry with high-tech,the vast development of the tertiary industry,the expansion of He'nan overall level of industrial structure,the growth of deep-processing manufacturing of agricultural products,and the increase of He'nan agricultural products subsidiary value will be the strategic choices of the rearrangement of He'nan industrial structure.     

Optimal Timing of Climate Change Policy: Interaction Between Carbon Taxes and Innovation Externalities

This paper addresses the impact of endogenous technology through research and development (R&D) on the timing of climate change policy. We develop a model with a stock pollutant (carbon dioxide) and abatement technological change through R&D, and we use the model to study the interaction between carbon taxes and innovation externalities. Our analysis shows that the timing of optimal emission reduction policy strongly depends on the set of policy instruments available. When climate-specific R&D targeting instruments are available, policy has to use these to step up early innovation. When these instruments are not available, policy has to steer innovation through creating demand for emission saving technologies. That is, carbon taxes should be high compared to the Pigouvian levels when the abatement industry is developing. Finally, we calibrate the model in order to explore the magnitude of the theoretical findings within the context of climate change policy.      

区域分工视域下产业协调发展研究——以环首都经济圈为例

从区域产业分工角度出发,明确河北省的产业承接优势是推进环首都经济圈建设的当务之急。文章运用区位熵方法对区域产业的专业化程度进行衡量,并在系统分析产业比较优势基础上,运用区域分工理论探索了产业分布新格局,提出了区域经济协调发展的政策建议,以期实现环首都经济圈内相关产业的健康稳定发展。     

Socio-technical challenges in the development of digital multimedia broadcasting: A survey of Korean mobile television development

This paper examines the prospectus of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting from the technical, economic and regulatory issues. This paper attempts to gain a better understanding of how DMB will evolve and stabilize in next generation network environments. Two research questions guide this study: (1) How does DMB trigger a change in policy, market and industry structure? (2) What are the driving forces of the rapid DMB development in Korea? As these questions involve socio-technical issues, this study uses a socio-technical perspective to investigate the complex relations between the social and technical aspects of DMB by highlighting the co-evolving nature, diversity, and interface between different driving forces and policy. The finding is that Korean DMB is the outcome of a proactive strategy of a telecom carrier and the Korean government's industrial policy to support such strategy. Among the push-oriented trajectory, however, non-technical issues such as users, market and regulation are left behind, which reveals the disjunction of the DMB development in terms of the socio-technical system perspective. The development of DMB sheds light on the growing challenges in the dynamics of industry, regulation, and technology.     

Industrial policy revisited: a new structural economics perspective

Whether or not governments should play a facilitating role in economic development has long been a topic for economic discourse and research. As an important instrument to promote economic development, throughout history even to the present, industrial policy is often and actively used by governments. Much controversy surrounds whether and how governments should implement industrial policy.In this article, failures and successes of implementing such policies are analyzed through a new structural economics perspective. Specifically, the article argues that (1) sector-targeted industrial policy is essential to achieve dynamic structural change and rapid, sustained growth in an economy; (2) most industrial policies fail because they target industries that are not compatible with the country’s comparative advantages; (3) successful industrial policy should target industries that reflerct the country’s latent comparative advantages; (4) historical experiences show that in the catching-up stage, the industrial policies of successful countries, in general, have targeted the industries in countries with a similar endowment structure and somewhat higher per capita income; and (5) the Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework (GIFF), based on new structural economics, is a new, effective way to target latent comparative-advantage industries and support their growth.     

产业结构变迁与产业政策选择——以东亚经济体为例

在系统梳理已有相关文献的基础上,提出了一个关于产业结构变迁与产业政策选择的分析框架。产业结构变迁的规律(即配第—克拉克定律)是一条客观经济规律,当政府顺应这一规律,它就能选择性地运用产业政策来干预、影响甚至主导产业结构变迁的进程和速度。在不同的经济体制和发展水平下,政府会选择不同的产业政策,进而导致四种不同类型的产业结构变迁形式。以中国大陆、港台地区及韩国等东亚经济体为例,对上述问题进行了探析。     

演化经济学视角下政府治理创新与区域智造产业协同发展研究

地方政府治理体系创新给区域智造产业带来了全新的机遇与挑战。基于演化经济学理论，以珠海、深圳临港经济区先进制造产业集群为研究对象，利用173家规模以上智能制造企业2015-2017年政府治理创新前后的工业经济指标数据，运用SIENA模型，从动态演化视角对大数据监管下的政府治理创新与区域智造产业协同发展路径进行实证研究。结果表明：运用大数据监管创新政府治理对区域智造产业发展的促进效果显著，且在发展周期上表现为治理创新、工业经济发展与地方社会贡献的协同演化稳定性。据此，给出有利于政府现代治理创新与区域智造产业协同发展的政策启示。     

FDI与产业结构升级:西部的实证分析

FDI对区域经济增长的影响,需要依靠区位优势在产业结构升级中体现,FDI对区域经济增长的产业结构调整具有明显的资源补充和产业引导功能。西部地区的开发要实现增长方式的转变,要充分发挥FDI的作用,引进外资和技术实现产业结构整合和区位优势。针对我国西部地区经济增长的产业发展现状,如何实现FDI与区位产业发展优势的有效结合,引导FDI的溢出绩效和产业收敛效应成为中西部地区经济增长与政策制定的关键。以陕西区域经济增长数据为背景,分析了FDI对产业结构的影响。结果表明,在西部区域经济发展中,FDI的作用还需要在产业结构升级换代中不断强化,在政策上进行有效调整和引导。     

区域协同视角下长江经济带产业绿色发展研究

在长江经济带建设进程中,推动产业绿色发展及区域协同是破解资源、环境约束的重要突破口。基于非径向非角度SBM分析建立动态Malmquist模型,运用2000-2014年面板数据测算长江经济带产业绿色效率指数、效率变化指数、技术进步指数。在分析长江经济带时空分布的基础上,将其周边的11个省市划分为4个联盟,并对产业合作博弈过程中产业利益帕累托改进及其合作边界进行了探讨。最后,从区域协同视角出发,根据不同产业协作联盟,从空间合作策略、政策机制等方面提出了相关建议。     

BBC效率模型下区域产业承接效率测度：以长江经济带为例

长江经济带作为“一带一路”国内沿线地理意义上的国内区域，涉及省(市)的产业梯度转移与产业转入地的产业承接活动频繁。但长期单向产业“高-低”转移使得区内省份间的产业趋同性严重，产业资源利用效率结构性失衡。借鉴距离协调度模型对效率模型进行合理改进，通过分析2006-2015年经济带内的面板数据，测算出区内各省（直辖市）产业承接效率，并探讨区域产业整体承接效率值与经济增长的门槛效应，进而分别以二、三产业增加值作为经济增长因变量考察门槛值变动状况。结果发现：长江经济带内各省（直辖市）产业承接效率整体不高，各省产业承接效率与自身经济发展不存在线性关系，总体呈现出衰退趋势。以二、三产业增加值为因变量的产业转移效率测算结果则表现出在各自阈值内分别加速转移和减速转移现象，即区内第二产业承接效率总体趋缓，第三产业承接效率总体加速。相对来说，两个直辖市的产业内生性较显著。     

Assessing structural change: the case of Austria

In recent years in many OECD countries the view became popular that a country has a healthy industrial structure if it has a high share of high-tech industries and a low share of traditional industries like textiles and steel. Therefore, industrial policy in these countries introduces programmes for reallocating from traditional sectors to high-tech sectors in order to increase national welfare. This paper questions this view by taking into account recent insights of international trade theory and shows, in the case of Austria, why conventional concepts of measuring and assessing structural change (used, e.g. by the OECD) are misleading and thus lead to wrong conclusions in the assessment whether structural adjustment has gone in the ‘right’ direction. More specifically, the ‘popular’ criteria ‘share and shift’, ‘high-tech versus traditional products’, and ‘R & D intensity’ are discussed and an alternative interpretation suggested by economic theory is given. Additionally, the paper illustrates the alternatie interpretation of these popular criteria on the example of the textile industry which, as a traditional consumer goods industry, managed to modernize largely without R & D of its own and was able to meet international competition successfully.     

Defence Industry Transformation in Russia: Evidence from a Longitudinal Survey

The article is devoted to the new phenomena in the market transformation of the Russian defence-industrial complex. Based on the data generated by the repeated survey of the CEOs (general directors) of defence enterprises in 1995‐99, it examines economic performance of enterprises, their conflicts with the government and efforts at internal restructuring brought about by reductions of Russia's defence spending, mass privatisation and opening up of the domestic market. We found that despite the dramatic reduction in defence orders, inconsistent government policies and extremely unfavourable macroeconomic environment, the Russian defence industry has made significant progress in its adjustment to the market. Even before the devaluation of the ruble in the autumn of 1998 economic performance of defence enterprises had been gradually improving; it entered a virtual boom since then. Contrary to widely held views, the painful experience of the 1990s has not made the top managers of the defence industry more hostile to reforms: at the end of the decade they were generally more supportive of the market than in 1995.