论港元联系汇率制度的发展方向

东南亚金融危机中投机商对港圆的攻击使人们开始重新思考港圆联系汇率制度的发展趋向。本文分析了联系汇率制度的运作机制，它存在的问题，并提出了针对未来可能的投机冲击的对策。     

香港联系汇率制度利弊及可持续性分析

香港自1983年实行的以货币局为特征的联系汇率制度以来，对香港经济的稳定起了重要作用。亚洲金融危机中联汇制度曾为人所诟病，并由此引出了关于这一制度存废的广泛讨论。近年随着香港经济形势的变化，有关联汇制度的发展问题再次受到关注。     

打一场港元联系汇率的保卫战

【英国《金融时报》1月11日】人民币兑美元汇率一升再升，现已逼近港元兑美元的水平，引发人们猜测香港当局可能会着手调整港元与美元挂钩的联系汇率制度．根据港元联系汇率制度的规定，港元在1美元兑7．80港元的中间价处盯住美元，浮动范围在7．75至7．85港元之间。     

后金融危机时代香港联系汇率制度争议及改革

自2008年全球性金融危机爆发以来,香港联系汇率制度面临新的考验。文章通过分析后金融危机时代关于香港联系汇率制度的主要争议,得出结论：在香港联系汇率制度中加入人民币因素是其未来发展的趋势和方向,而现阶段的政策重点应是进一步加强两地协商和配合,共同推进港元汇率制度的平稳与协调运作。     

人民币汇率制度改革进程研究

本文在对中国宏观经济状况及发展趋势进行分析的基础上,借鉴国际上一些国家汇率 改革的成功经验,提出了中国进行汇率渐进自由化改革三个阶段的初步设想,并对实 施钉住一篮子货币面临的问题进行了简要分析,认为政策和交易主体学习适应的过程 是任何汇率制度转型不可避免的,关键是把握转型的时机。     

国库现金对货币供给政策的影响机制及证据:基于中国中央银行经理国库制度背景的研究

随着近年来国库现金的迅速增加,万亿国库现金波动对中央银行货币供给政策的影响日益突出。本文在中国中央银行经理国库的制度背景下,通过构建国库现金与货币供给的理论分析框架所做的研究表明,国库现金与基础货币、货币供应量都存在稳定的反向关系,国库现金的增减将导致基础货币和货币供应量的收缩和扩张。本文进一步以中国2000~2006年月度时间序列数据进行的经验分析显示,国库现金与各层次货币供应量之间存在长期的协整关系,国库现金是引起货币供应量变化的Granger因,国库现金的正向冲击导致货币供应量产生显著的负向反应,货币供应量由于国库现金增减而产生收缩和扩张效应。基于研究结论,本文根据当前中国具体情况提出了若干政策建议。     

人民币汇率制度改革的历史性一步

2005年7月21日,中国人民银行宣布:我国开始实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度,并让人民币对美元升值2%。中国人民银行的这一决定标志着中国的汇率制度改革和经济增长战略调整正在进入一个新的阶段。汇率制度改革增加了人民币汇率的弹性,同时又给中央银行干预外汇市场留下了足够的空间,从而保证了人民币汇率的稳定。中央银行必须把握好汇率的稳定性和灵活性,既不能忽视汇率的稳定性,也不能过度强调汇率的稳定性。否则,参考一篮子货币的汇率制度又会回到钉住美元的汇率制度,从而使我们的改革目标落空。     

浅谈香港联系汇率制度未来的选择

近期以来，由于全球经济下滑，世界经济格局发生较大变化，美元的世界货币地位受到冲击，弱势美元理论导致港币与美元的联系汇率制度走到一个比较尴尬的境地。短期内。联系汇率制有着极强的抗外部冲击能力．短期内应该继续保持联系汇率制度；在长期，港元将与人民币一体化，走向统一货币。汇率制度将成为浮动汇率制度。     

Monetary operations by Hong Kong's Currency Board

Currency Boards are typically seen as demonstrating the advantages of rule-bound monetary policies with automatic responses to exchange market imbalances. We study the monetary operations conducted by Hong Kong's Currency Board, using daily data between September 1998 and December 2001. Since this regime is one-sided in that there is a commitment to sell, but not to buy, US dollars at a given rate, we estimate logit equations for dollar purchases. We show that these have shifted over time and that while the variables are statistically highly significant, the predictive power is low.     

Currency Substitution and the Stability of the Demand for Money in East Asia

Abstract

This paper models and tests the stability of the demand for money in five East Asian countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—in the context of an open economy. The Johansen multivariate cointegration vector error correction analysis against quarterly data covering the period 1985:1–2001:4 was used. It was found that a stationary long run cointegrating relationship exists between broad money, real income, domestic interest rates, foreign interest rates corrected for exchange rate depreciation, and the expected rate of depreciation of the exchange rate. The results show that US Treasury bills rates and the foreign exchange rate vis-à-vis the US dollar play a significant role in the East Asian countries money demand relationship. This suggests that currency substitution vis-à-vis the US dollar may be an important consideration in the design and implementation of monetary policy in the East Asian countries. Furthermore, the results show that the Asian currency crises impacted the money demand functions negatively in these countries. CUSUM and CUSUMSQ stability tests show no evidence of parameter instability of the money demand functions in three of the five countries throughout the period under investigation.     

One country,two currencies: The adoption of the Hong Kong currency board, 1983

Currency boards have had an enduring attraction as a solution to exchange rate and monetary credibility for small open economies, despite few successful examples. In this context, the case of Hong Kong stands out for its longevity; it survived the handover to China, the Asian financial crises in 1997, and the global crises in 2007–8 and 2020. The 1983 currency crisis and the decision to link the exchange rate to the US$ is usually treated as an outcome of local political uncertainty due to the Sino-British negotiations which set the framework for how Hong Kong would fit with the rest of China after 1997. We present fresh archival evidence from Hong Kong and London to reveal the year-long debates over Hong Kong's monetary system after a drop in the exchange rate in September 1982 and to demonstrate how most of the protagonists in Hong Kong and London came only reluctantly to accept the idea of re-pegging the dollar once public expectations had been raised. We also show how the mixture of currency and banking instability affected the terms of the negotiations in 1982 and 1983 and set the framework for the one country, two currencies system that prevails today.     

Monetary Shocks and the Fundamental Determinants of the Real Exchange Rate under the Hong Kong Currency Board

To assess the claim that flexible markets render monetary policy unimportant under the currency board, we test the impact of monetary shocks on Hong Kong's real exchange rate. Using vector autoregressions, we find persistent effects of monetary shocks on the real exchange rate, implying money is not neutral in Hong Kong. We then estimate the equilibrium real exchange rate, employing the definition developed by Rogoff-Obstfeld-Stein. The divergence between the observed and equilibrium rates is clearly stationary throughout the 1980s, but after a key policy shift in 1991 that divergence becomes non-stationary. We conclude that Hong Kong's real exchange rate moved away from the real fundamentals in the latter period.     

Currency Invoicing in Japanese Exports to East Asia: Implications for Yen Internationalization

The present paper examines currency invoicing in Japanese exports to East Asia by applying the pricing-to-market (PTM) theory. The notable aims of the present paper are to: (i) use a number of sample commodities obtained from the data on monthly series of exports based on the nine-digit Harmonized System; and (ii) examine currency invoicing practices of Japanese exporters by making a distinction between the long-run and short-run PTM under the framework of the error-correction model. Contrary to the results of previous reports, our study shows that Japanese exporters of electric machinery tend to stabilize US Dollar (USD)-denominated export prices in the short run in East Asian markets, implying that electric machinery products tend to be invoiced in USD in exports to East Asia. Given the USD-invoicing practices by Japanese electric machinery exporters, it is hard to expect the further use of the Yen in trade transactions because the electric machinery industry plays a major role in facilitating trade and investment between Japan and East Asia.     

我国货币流通速度的协整和误差校正模型

基于协整和误差校正模型对货币流通速度的实证分析表明,我国M1流通速度与收入、通货膨胀率和货币化变量之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,M2流通速度与收入、价格指数、货币化变量和储蓄率之间存在长期稳定的协整关系,所有符号符合理论预期。M1流通速度的短期动态函数的稳定性比M2的要差一些。这表明目前我国以货币供应量作为货币政策的中介目标是可行的,且应主要以M2为货币政策的中介目标,同时不忽视对M1的监测。     

Currency Substitution in Laos

This study investigates the determinants of currency substitution in Laos based on the function of money demand. The empirical model is estimated using the autoregressive distributed lag approach to cointegration for the period 1993–2012. Our estimation results indicate that the interest rate differential is a significant currency substitution determinant in the Laos economy. Moreover, there is evidence supporting the existence of a ratchet effect in the currency allocation of deposits, implying that particularly strong policies should be pursued over an extended period of time in order to convince depositors to switch back to kip‐denominated assets.     

货币虚拟化内涵及其实践动因

货币是人类经济活动的产物,它是固定的充当媒介人类交易关系的一般等价物形态,表征了人类经济活动的类意义。货币虚拟化是各种虚拟活动从思想、技术、社会关系等维度对货币的运行理念、技术方法和组织形式在使用和运行中不断创化、结合和发展,进而不断形成货币虚拟创新的动态过程。货币虚拟化是适应社会、经济发展和科技进步的产物,它的产生有着强烈的现实背景和动因。     

我国货币政策的导向

货币政策是一国最重要的宏观调控手段之一。为了应对国际金融危机,近两年来我国采取了一揽子经济刺激计划,实施了积极的财政政策和货币政策。但随着大量信贷资金投入到经济建设中,通胀预期日趋明显。适时调整货币政策,保持国民经济平稳运行,是我国当前实施合理货币政策调控经济运行的明智手段。     

Exploring the Case for Monetary Integration between the Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong

This paper presents an empirical investigation on an important policy issue, namely, whether there is any evidence supporting monetary integration between the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong. We follow two lines of inquiry. First, we present a series of simple tests to find the extent to which trade and/or financial linkages exist between the two regions. Second, we use simple inflation and output differentials and structural VAR techniques to test for the degree of business cycle synchronization between the two regions. The results indicate that there is evidence supporting the existence of trade linkages and that there is also support for the possible synchronization of business cycles. We discuss the implications of this for monetary integration between Hong Kong and the mainland.