浅谈公共品的供给管理

文章对公共品这一特殊的商品范畴作了简要探讨 ,分析了公共品出现供给难题的原因。通过对传统西方经济学中关于公共品供给理论的简要回顾 ,在借鉴了克拉克关于最优税制的设计方法的基础上 ,提出了一套关于公共品供给管理的设计方案。     

Public and Private Hospitals,Congestion, and Redistribution

This paper studies how congestion in the public health sector can be used as both an in‐kind and in‐cash redistributive tool. In our model, agents differ in productivity and they can obtain a health service either from a congested public hospital or from a noncongested private one at a higher price. With pure in‐kind redistribution, agents fail to internalize their impact on congestion, and the demand for the public hospital is higher than optimal. When productivities are not observable but the social planner can assign agents across hospitals, the optimal congestion is higher than in the full information case in order to relax incentive constraints and foster income redistribution. Finally, if agents can freely choose across hospitals, the optimal subsidy on the private hospital price may be negative or positive depending on the relative importance of redistribution and efficiency concerns. In this case, redistribution is limited if the quality of the public facility depends on the number of users.     

Public Investment, Congestion, and Private Capital Accumulation

This paper analyses the impact of public investment on the dynamics of private capital formation in an intertemporal optimising market-clearing framework. The key feature characterising the analysis is that the public good is treated as a durable capital good, subject to congestion. We show how in the presence of congestion the effect of government investment on private capital formation involves a tradeoff between the degree of substitution between private and public capital in production and the degree of congestion. Both lump-sum and distortionary tax financing are considered, with this tradeoff being tightened in the latter case     

Optimal Tax and Public Investment Rules for Congestion Type of Externalities

Optimal government policy is considered in a second-best framework where consumers and producers cause an externality of the congestion type and income distribution issues are taken into account. The theoretical results of the optimal tax literature are adapted using the concept of the net social Pigouvian tax. An illustrative AGE model uncovers the relative importance of its components. The model demonstrates that the level of the externality tax does not depend strongly on distribution concerns, as reoptimization of the other taxes ensures that the income distribution objective is reached. The model also allows us to study the interaction between externality taxes and public abatement.     

Stable schedule matching under revealed preference

Baiou and Balinski (Math. Oper. Res., 27 (2002) 485) studied schedule matching where one determines the partnerships that form and how much time they spend together, under the assumption that each agent has a ranking on all potential partners. Here we study schedule matching under more general preferences that extend the substitutable preferences in Roth (Econometrica 52 (1984) 47) by an extension of the revealed preference approach in Alkan (Econom. Theory 19 (2002) 737). We give a generalization of the Gale-Shapley algorithm and show that some familiar properties of ordinary stable matchings continue to hold. Our main result is that, when preferences satisfy an additional property called size monotonicity, stable matchings are a lattice under the joint preferences of all agents on each side and have other interesting structural properties.     

保障性社区公共服务设施供给研究——以上海市宝山“四高”小区为例

在城市更新和住房保障制度实施的背景下,保障性社区正在全国范围内大量形成,由于其选址较偏,对相关配套关注少,公共服务设施的供应严重滞后与不足,居民的生活质量受到影响,阻碍了保障效果的实现及和谐社会的构建。从分析保障性社区公共服务设施供给的影响因素出发,针对保障性社区的特征,阐述公共服务设施的供给规模确定、供给内容特征和供给时序安排,提出不同导入时期的公共服务设施供给优化建议。     

生态设计视角下的城市公共设施设计思考

城市公共设施的生态化设计是生态城市构建的重要组成部分。文章阐述了城市公共设施设计生态化设计的内涵,提出了城市公共设施生态化设计的基本原则,并从功能设计、材料选择、能源及物料消耗等多个视角讨论了城市公共设施生态化设计的具体内容。     

An Algorithm for Stable and Equitable Coalition Structures with Public Goods

We study the formation of coalitions that provide public goods to members. Individuals are linked on a tree graph and those with similar preferences are connected on the tree. We present a well‐defined solution that selects envy‐free allocations from the core.     

广州市中心城区公共文化设施空间分布研究

对广州市中心城区的省级、市级及区级政府设置的公共文化设施空间分布进行研究,利用ArcGIS和SPSS软件,根据地理学的空间结构理论从设施的数量、类型两方面入手对其空间分布进行定量和定性探讨,发现公共文化设施在空间分布上具有区际差异大,集中性高;以旧城区为核心,围绕新城边缘线分布以及个别主题的文化设施完全集中在一区的特点。进而探讨其成因,得出公共文化设施的空间分布具有高人口密度指向性和对交通便捷程度的高度认同。     

从博弈论的角度分析交通拥堵和拥堵收费问题

本文从博弈论角度考察了交通拥堵的微观经济学问题,并从出行者的出发时间决策入手,通过建立简单的两人拥堵博弈模型,分析了参与者在互动行为影响下,由自己和他人的行动共同决定的得益情况,并进一步将模型应用到拥堵收费定价研究中.     

Estimating the Optimal Scale of Public Investments: The Case of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities

This paper addresses the regulatory problem of estimating the optimal scale of public capital investments, such as regional low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) disposal facilities and sports stadiums, when regulators can require information disclosures from firms. I evaluate the efficacy of the Illinois LLRW mandatory forecast disclosure rule against an estimated ARIMA model of LLRW volume disposed over the 1985–1995 period; the ARIMA model is shown to be more accurate. I conclude with an ARIMA model forecast of lifecycle volumetric capacity of a proposed LLRW disposal facility in Illinois.     

低碳化的城市公共设施空间布局研究——以银川市为例

能源消耗与CO2排放主要来源于城市,而交通又是城市碳排放的三大主要来源之一。城市公共设施是居民出行的主要目的地之一,也是城市中主要的交通吸引源之一。文章以减少交通碳排放为目标,提出市级公共设施空间布局结构是在小城镇宜集聚于城市中央位置,在大中城市宜分散布置于城市中央和四周;公共设施空间布局要与住宅区混合并与绿色低碳交通设施相结合;公共设施用地规划设计中按照居民可步行距离确定公共设施街区适宜的深度与宽度、减少公共设施用地中的停车场,以减少居民出行交通距离,方便步行与使用自行车和公共交通,限制私人汽车交通空间,实现城市低碳发展与可持续发展。     

Stable Provision vs. Cournot–Nash Equilibria in Pure Public Good Economies

Shitovitz and Spiegel (1998, Journal of Economic Theory 83 , pp. 1–18) demonstrated that in pure public good economies, for some consumers the Lindahl consumption bundles can be inferior (utility-wise) to their Cournot–Nash allocation. In this paper, we prove that in any finite pure public good economy there exists a core allocation that is unanimously preferred, utility-wise, by all consumers over their Cournot–Nash consumption bundles.     

Efficient Private Production of Public Goods under Common Agency

A private, profit-maximizing firm produces a public good that enters the utility functions of several users. Each of them separately designs and proposes to the firm a contract specifying a transfer payment as a function of the amount of public good supplied. The firm has to accept or to refuse each contract before knowing the realized value of a random variable that enters its cost function. We study the Nash equilibria of this game and explore some refinements ruling out Pareto inefficient equilibria.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, H41.     

Public goods and optimal paternalism under present-biased preferences

This paper concerns the provision of a state-variable public good in a two-type model under present-biased consumer preferences. The preference for immediate gratification facing the high-ability type weakens the incentive to adjust public provision in response to the self-selection constraint.     

双维度下的公共产品概念及其现实意义

萨缪尔森等人从经济角度所定义的公共产品概念,忽视了对"公共"的详察,其现实意义受到了质疑.为切实反映公共产品的本质和研究的现实意义,对公共产品概念的界定至少应该从主体维度和客体维度两个方向进行.毕竟,公共产品是一个综合性的概念,并且针对目前歧义产生和争论的焦点,对概念的本质解读应重点落脚于"公共"而不是"产品".应该说,公共产品本身就是一个综合概念,至少可以体现在主体(政治)和客体(经济)维度上.历史地、具体地认识公共产品的本质,界定其概念,有助于我们透过现象看本质,正确地区分与公共产品相联系的一些社会经济甚至政治现象.     

英国布莱尔政府公共服务改革模式分析

英国布莱尔政府的公共服务改革模式有其自身特点,并在国际范围内产生了一定的影响。在近10年的执政期内,布莱尔政府形成了改革自我推进体系,主要包括四个方面的因素,即政府对公共服务自上而下的管理;引入市场竞争机制;使用者自下而上的反馈作用;落实改革措施的能力建设。本文认为,英国公共服务改革的这些做法和经验对我国有启示作用。     

Price Regulation and Public Service Obligations under International Arbitrage

National regulation generates price differentials between countries stimulating arbitrage by international distributors. Harmed manufacturers counteract using vertical price-squeeze or non-price discrimination. We show that: (i) either under regulatory commitment or discretion, there are non-linear relationships between technology/market conditions and the first-movers pricing strategy; (ii) public service obligations on distributors allow regulators to manipulate parallel exports so as to improve national welfare; (iii) to prevent sabotage, regulation should provide manufacturers with adequate countervailing incentives; (iv) coordinating national agencies alleviates negative regulatory and market externalities. Therefore, static and dynamic efficiency concerns may arise within a regional exhaustion regime of intellectual property rights.We are grateful to the Editor Michael A. Crew, an anonymous referee, and Luigi Buzzacchi for valuable comments and suggestions. We have benefited from financial support granted by MIUR-FIRB Project MAIS.     

经济安全视角下保持制造业比重基本稳定的路径探索

制造业事关国家经济安全,是立国之本、兴国之器、强国之基。十四五规划和2035年远景目标纲要提出要深入实施制造强国战略,并首次提出要保持制造业比重基本稳定。近年来,我国制造业比重下降过快,给产业链供应链安全稳定带来一定影响。要以新发展理念为指导,以人民日益增长的美好生活产品需要和制造业不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾为突破口,从跑稳政策制定最先一公里、畅通政策落实最后一公里、加快制造业产业结构转型升级、打造区域制造业产业生态链圈、推动制造业质量与品牌双提升、加大制造业产业链供应链投入六个方面全力打好政策组合拳,为保持制造业比重基本稳定提供路径参考。