国外个人住房抵押贷款违约问题的研究概述

随着我国个人住房抵押贷款业务的发展,违约问题已经成为了银行界和政府关注的焦点。文章简要介绍了国外学者对住房抵押贷款违约问题的研究内容,包括影响违约的因素,基于期权的违约模型,比例危险模型以及违约过程中的拖欠决策等。     

住房抵押贷款的违约风险分析

本文运用期权数值方法分析住房抵押贷款借款者的违约行为,主要是分析抵押贷款违约期权的最优实施边界。这使得我们能够解释哪些房价和利率组合会引发借款者违约以及未来的违约概率。我们发现导致违约的房产价格高度依赖于同期市场利率,而且违约与贷款类型高度相关。我们考察了次优出售和再融资的情形,还考察了借款者面临违约声誉损失的情形,结果表明期权数值方法是稳健可靠的。本文的分析还使我们对美国次贷危机有更为客观理性的认识。     

预售商品房抵押贷款违约风险管理问题探讨

一、预售商品房抵押贷款违约风险成因探析 当前我国住房抵押贷款违约行为大多发生于预售商品房,从目前发生的抵押贷款违约行为看,其成因较为复杂,有以下4个方面: 1、开发商未能如期建成商品房而导致抵押人主动性违约 房地产开发商在预售商品房时,出于促销目的,基本上都承诺协助     

我国住房抵押贷款证券的定价方法研究

随着中国经济的高速发展,房地产行业逐渐成为中国经济的支柱产业之一。住房抵押贷款证券作为20世纪70年代以来最具有创新力的金融产品,在西方发达国家早已得到较完善的发展,但在我国这种金融产品才刚刚起步,而且现阶段对于住房抵押贷款的研究还集中在必要性和可行性上,对于住房抵押贷款的提前偿付和违约风险以及抵押贷款证券的定价方面的研究,在国内几乎一片空白。文章结合国外各种定价方法初步对我国住房抵押证券的定价方法进行探讨。     

我国住房抵押贷款证券的定价方法研究

随着中国经济的高速发展,房地产行业逐渐成为中国经济的支柱产业之一.住房抵押贷款证券作为20世纪70年代以来最具有创新力的金融产品,在西方发达国家早已得到较完善的发展,但在我国这种金融产品才刚刚起步,而且现阶段对于住房抵押贷款的研究还集中在必要性和可行性上,对于住房抵押贷款的提前偿付和违约风险以及抵押贷款证券的定价方面的研究,在国内几乎一片空白.文章结合国外各种定价方法初步对我国住房抵押证券的定价方法进行探讨.     

商业银行个人住房抵押贷款违约风险研究

随着我国商业银行住房抵押贷款余额的快速上升,个贷的违约风险也日益成为商业银行等金融机构关注的焦点。尤其是美国次贷危机爆发后,这一问题显得更为严峻,对个贷违约风险的研究也更为迫切。本文在国内外学者现有研究的基础上,利用某国有银行的信贷资料,通过因子分析和判别分析,对影响我国商业银行个人住房抵押贷款违约风险的因素进行了实证研究,并就如何控制和防范违约风险提出相关的政策建议。     

住房抵押贷款证券提前偿付风险浅析

中国各银行的住房抵押贷款业务发展迅速,个人住房抵押贷款证券化势在必行。而证券化过程中的提前偿付风险是影响住房抵押证券定价的主要因素。文章从提前偿付风险的影响、成因及防范三个方面对提前偿付风险进行阐述,使读者能对提前偿付风险有较全面的认识。     

利用拖欠模型分析国家助学贷款的违约行为

国家助学贷款是信用贷款,它无须提供担保、抵押或质押。由于担保的缺位使得违约率和不良贷款率都很高,这严重阻碍国家助学贷款健康发展。加强贷后管理,采取切实措施降低风险,已成为推动国家助学贷款工作必须着力解决的重要问题。利用拖欠模型,可以对国家助学贷款违约行为进行经济分析,讨论各种因素对拖欠水平的影响,由此得出:适当延长还款期限,降低每期还款额将会降低贷款的违约率,从而推动国家助学贷款健康持续发展。     

MBS提前偿付风险分析

2005年12月15日,中国建设银行推出国内首单个人住房抵押贷款证券化产品"建元2005-1个人住房抵押贷款支持证券",标志着我国在资产证券化的实践与探索中又迈出了新的一步.提前偿付风险在住房抵押贷款证券化过程中是不可回避的.因此,对提前偿付风险的管理就显得更加重要.贷款层面的收益率维持模型及结构层面的CMO都能够作为很好的风险管理手段应用于住房抵押贷款证券化.同时,我国在MBS提前偿付风险防范工作中还存在诸多问题,需要进一步地研究和完善.     

债务抵押债券定价模型探讨及实证研究

债务抵押债券作为一种信用衍生产品,其定价的核心是通过估算各债务人的违约概率和违约相关性刻画相应的信用风险。我们利用国内市场公开信息,对债务抵押债券定价进行实证研究,以KMV模型和copula函数分别对各债务人的违约概率和违约相关性进行估测,并计算在不同样本和违约回复率下各投资层次的合理风险溢酬。通过对实证结果的分析,探讨相关模型的合理性及在我国市场应用的不足之处。     

Household’s optimal mortgage and unsecured loan default decision

How do households make optimal borrowing and default decisions when they have the option to borrow in multiple ways? In this paper, I analyze households’ optimal mortgage and unsecured loan borrowing and default decisions in the context of the recent recession. I model households as able to default on mortgage debt to walk away from capital losses, at the price of foreclosure. However, a household can also default on unsecured debt to maintain its home, in exchange for a longer exclusion from credit markets following default. Depending on the costs of each alternative, financially constrained households exhibit heterogeneity in optimal default decisions.Next, I analyze how mortgage loan modification policies, after a sudden drop in house prices, affect household choices in the mortgage and unsecured loan markets. The quantitative exercise shows that the government-driven mortgage modification program, initiated in 2009, reduces the mortgage default rate by 0.27% points. However, this increases the unsecured loan charge-off rate by 0.66% points.     

The main determinants of subprime securitization in the Spanish RMBS securities

This article is a model to identify the determinants of subprime securitizations. In several countries, there is no classification of the underlying assets. Consequently, investors have fewer tools to identify which securitizations are subprime. Using a sample of mortgage securitization transactions issued in Spain from 1998 until the first half of 2009, we analyse the effects of a great securitization expansion. According to previous literature, we identify main determinants of residential mortgage-backed security default rate and construct a prediction model of default rate. By means of different probit models, our results show the importance of loan to value and seasoning, among other determinants, as predictive indicators of default rates. The results obtained point to more relaxed lending standards due to higher securitization levels. Our findings help to gain a more accurate perspective of the true effects of the mortgage securitization process and reinforce the role of certain determinants as default predictors in a context without a classification of underlying assets.     

Investing against the wind: contagion during the recent financial crisis

This article examines the effect of Warren Buffett’s investment in Goldman Sachs on 24 September 2008, during the subprime mortgage crisis. Although this event is arguably perceived to be the biggest expression of confidence in the financial market during the crisis, by conducting event studies, we do not find the major counterparties of Goldman Sachs displayed positive abnormal returns. Moreover, the abnormal return is not significantly related to the counterparty connection. We have similar findings on these financial institutions’ default probabilities using credit default swap.     

企业短期贷款违约预测Bayes模型构建

目前,企业违约预测模型距离实际应用还具有一定差异,表现在:(1)模型所使用的样本基本都是配对模式,与现实情况不符;(2)模型没有考虑到误判成本的非对称性.针对以上问题,本文运用SAS统计软件对某国有商业银行的2003年全部短期贷款企业的财务数据进行分析,摒弃以往配对模式,采用全样本进行分析,筛选出11个财务比率指标作为企业信用风险评价函数的计量参数.应用Bayes判别原理,引入误判成本和先验概率,构建了一个简明的违约判别模型,经检验模型是统计有效的,判别结果也是较好的.     

Evaluating borrower’s default risk in peer-to-peer lending: evidence from a lending platform in China

Recent years have witnessed the popularity of online peer-to-peer lending, which allows individuals to borrow from and lend to each other on an Internet-based platform. Using data from a large P2P platform in China, this article explores the factors that determine the default risk based on the demographic characteristics of borrowers. Moreover, we propose a credit risk evaluation model, which can quantify the default risk of each P2P loan. Empirical results reveal that gender, age, marital status, educational level, working years, company size, monthly payment, loan amount, debt to income ratio and delinquency history play a significant role in loan defaults. Finally, we analyse the relationship between default risk and these contributory variables, and the possible causes are also discussed in this study.     

个人住房抵押贷款违约风险影响因素实证研究-以杭州市为例

随着银行个人住房抵押贷款余额的快速上升,个人住房抵押贷款违约风险日益成为人们关注和研究的焦点.该文应用杭州市某国有商业银行信贷数据,采用LOGISTIC模型实证研究发现影响当前个人住房抵押贷款的违约因素按重要性排序依次为:是否为当地人、贷款价值比、期房还是现房、月还款额占家庭月收入的比例、还款方式、家庭收入和建筑面积.该文进一步应用不完全合同理论解释了结论背后的制度含义,并提出了相应的治理措施.     

Default correlation: rating,industry ripple effect,and business cycle

For a well-diversified bond portfolio, default risk over the investment horizon is known as the major risk and the risk is largely from correlated defaults. While plenty of theoretical work about default correlation has been developed, empirical studies on default correlation have not made much progress in the past two decades. In this paper, we fill this void in the literature by thoroughly investigating how default correlation changes across different bond ratings, over different time horizons, and across different industries over the sample period of 1970 to 2014. In particular, we examine how rating-based default correlations change before, during, and after recessions. More importantly, we reveal the ‘industry ripple effect’ that default correlations are low within upstream industries but become higher within downstream industries along the structure of the supply chain. Also, default correlations are relatively high between upstream industries and downstream industries.     

中国碳市场企业违约风险控制政策结构分析

碳市场政策结构与企业违约风险息息相关,科学合理的政策结构是规避碳市场企业违约风险的重要保障。梳理了中国政府颁布的碳市场企业违约风险控制相关政策文本,从交易和减排两个维度构建了碳市场企业违约风险控制政策二维分析框架,运用内容分析法分析了中国现有风险控制政策的结构组成。结果显示,当前中国碳市场企业违约风险控制政策覆盖范围互有重叠,容易影响实施效果;企业违约行为惩罚制度体系尚有漏洞,惩罚力度过大可能引发企业不法行为;碳价格调控政策相对缺乏,碳价格波动易引发违约行为。最后,提出了优化和改善建议。     

Determinants of corporate default risk in China: The role of financial constraints

Corporate default risk can affect financial stability and the macroeconomy. However, the determinants of corporate default risk in China are not well defined in the literature. We address this issue by using a rich credit event dataset of 981 Chinese listed firms over the period 1998–2013 and study the factors that affect default risk. We demonstrate that leverage, liquidity, firm size are the key firm-specific factors in determining default risk in China, along with macroeconomic factors like interest rate and stock return. Moreover, ‘Too big to fail’ only applies to non-SOEs, as default risk of SOEs is not affected by the firm size. We further find that high liquidity fails to reduce firms default risk, because small-sized firms which are financially constrained have limited cash to prevent financial distress, whereas large firms with greater cash holdings are able to mitigate their default risk as they are unconstrained.