基于Malmquist指数的我国区域技术创新效率提升演化与驱动差异研究

技术创新效率提升是区域经济社会发展的核心动力;本文以2002～2012年中国28个省市技术创新效率的提升驱动力为研究对象,应用DEA-Malmquist指数方法获得了各省市技术创新效率的提升规律,揭示了全国及6大区域技术创新效率提升的驱动力及其差异演化规律。研究发现：全国技术创新效率提升呈现三阶段特征,28个省市可以分为4种类型,技术进步是驱动各省市技术创新效率提升的核心力量,其对各区域技术创新效率提升驱动作用并不相同。     

熵思想下的企业技术创新动力机制模型探讨

企业技术创新动力机制问题是企业技术创新领域的基础问题.中外学者大多从纯技术角度或经济角度来分析创新动力机制,从哲学层面,应用熵思想来分析的则不多见.本文从熵思想的角度,在对企业技术创新的动力因素进行分析的基础上,构建企业技术创新动力机制的模型.     

全球制药业技术创新演化历程

采用“产业创新系统”框架,从知识和技术领域,参与者、网络以及制度三个维度对制药业不同历史阶段中的技术创新活动进行详细的分析与比较后得出：制药产业创新活动是一个动态演化的复杂系统,我国制药产业必须遵循其演化规律,在组织与监管模式等方面做出积极的调整与配合,才能逐步实现技术创新能力的发展与突破。希望通过总结医药产业技术创新演化规律,为我国制药业发展技术创新能力提供借鉴。     

基于演化博弈的大型工程技术创新过程中业主与供应商的合作机制研究

大型工程建设规模庞大、技术复杂,往往需要通过技术创新来解决技术难题。本文利用演化博弈的分析方法,探讨大型工程技术创新过程中业主与供应商的利益共享与风险分担机制,以加强技术创新关键主体———业主与供应商之间的合作,从而提高大型工程组织技术创新能力。研究表明,诸如降低联盟成本、提高超额收益、增强业主自主创新的战略意识、完善供应商评价体系等手段可以加强双方在技术创新过程中的合作。     

技术联盟中的知识转移与技术创新能力积累

主要分析以提升技术创新能力为目标的技术联盟内的知识转移及技术创新能力积累的相关问题。认为知识转移是技术联盟的核心环节和中心任务。联盟意图以及知识接收方的吸收能力在很大程度上决定着联盟内部知识转移成效,进而决定了企业的技术创新能力的积累。并就联盟机制的完善给出了相关建议。     

医药企业技术创新的动力因素分析

目的提高我国医药企业的技术创新能力和增强我国医药企业的核心竞争力。方法从内、外两个方面对我国医药企业技术创新动力因素进行理论分析,从本质上阐述技术创新的动力机制。结果与结论我国医药企业技术创新动力不足,医药技术创新和科技成果迅速产业化的机制尚未完全形成,医药企业技术创新能力比较弱。     

我国乳品制造企业技术创新现状及对策分析

市场需求的改变、品牌竞争的加剧以及行业集中度的提高,使技术创新成为我国乳品企业提升竞争力获取垄断利润的重要途径.本文从技术能力、技术创新主体、技术创新理念和战略以及技术创新能力等方面对我国乳品企业技术创新现状进行深入分析,进一步在对乳品企业技术创新动力-障碍机制分析的基础上提出提升我国乳品制造企业技术创新能力的对策.     

基于二次创新的后发企业技术成长路径北大核心

本文通过对中电熊猫液晶技术发展历程的纵向案例分析,探讨后发企业如何借助外部创新网络实现技术赶超,以及企业跨越式技术成长的动力机制。本文探究了后发企业技术赶超过程中创新网络的构建与演化机理;分阶段重点阐释后发企业创新战略与创新能力的匹配与协同演进;分析了外部制度等环境因素的影响,从而识别出后发企业实现二次创新的关键因素和实现路径。研究发现后发企业的技术创新成长过程具有阶段性特征,并形成“适应性技术吸收-维护性技术开发-发展性技术变革”的跨越式成长路径。     

加快企业技术创新 迎接知识经济挑战

在知识经济时代,知识和知识创新将成为现代经济增长的最有效的动力。而知识应用于企业的最简捷和最有效的途径就是技术创新。本文针对制约我国企业技术创新的主要因素,提出加快企业技术创新的途径,以迎接知识经济的挑战。     

企业技术创新网络进化中的合作博弈分析

企业创新网络可以分散技术创新的不确定性和风险,但是网络在运行过程中会出现机会主义倾向。文章分析了技术创新网络的动态特征,运用数理模型来模拟企业技术创新网络中的成本,通过对技术联盟模型中博弈行为特征的分析,识别网络失衡的时间点,并针对技术创新网络的演化特点提出强化网络基础的建议和对策。     

Disruptive technologies, stakeholders and the innovation value-added chain: a framework for evaluating radical technology development

Contemporary frameworks for evaluating technological innovations contend that innovative success is dependent upon the ability of firms to acquire and assimilate new knowledge without disrupting value chain members such as suppliers, customers and complementary innovators. These frameworks, however, provide little advice on how to deal with radical, controversial innovations that may also introduce new undesirable environmental, health, and social side affects. In addition to technological, commercial and organisational uncertainties, the developers of such technology typically must resolve social uncertainties, a particularly difficult activity because of the added complexities and often conflicting and/or difficult-to-reconcile concerns from secondary stakeholders. Attempts must be made to address the potential unintended and unforeseen consequences of the technology, as well as its potential benefits, if it is to be successfully applied. Using Monsanto's development of agricultural biotechnology as an illustration, we suggest an evaluation framework that incorporates stakeholder theory, innovation management concepts and Popper's evolutionary learning methodology of science and its extension to social issues.     

An inquiry on dimensions of external technology search and their influence on technological innovations: evidence from Chinese firms

A central part of technological innovation for industrial firms involves search for new external knowledge. A well‐established stream of literature on firms' external knowledge search has demonstrated that firms investing in broader search may have a great ability to innovate. In this paper, we explore the influences of technology search on firms' technological innovation performance along three distinctive dimensions: technical, geographic, and temporal dimensions, using a unique panel data set containing information on Chinese firms that were active in technology in‐licensing and patenting during the period 2000–2009. Our findings reveal that Chinese firms' technological innovation performances are related to external technology search in quite different ways from the ones suggested in the extant literature using evidence from developed countries. We find that Chinese firms searching ‘locally’ along the technical dimension have better technological innovation performance than those searching ‘distantly’. However, when a Chinese firm in‐license relatively old (mature) technologies or those from geographically nearby areas, it will be less bounded to searching familiar technical knowledge.     

基于创新主体知识流动GERT网络的产学研协作模式研究

目前我国科技和经济发展"两层皮"的问题较为严重,如何有效地进行产学研协作,促进科技成果转化和能力提升,已成为国内外高度关注的重点课题。利用系统科学与网络理论,本文构建了一种基于创新主体知识流动GERT网络的产学研协作模型,研究多知识流动传递参量之间相关参数的函数关系、运算法则、及确定方法等网络模型的解析算法,并指出通过对外生因素变量的集成系数的调整可以实现对知识流动的调控,同时分析了知识流动GERT网络组织机制,以求更好地为产学研协作研制复杂产品,进而为科技成果转化能力提升提供可供借鉴的理论与方法。     

科技创新对产业升级影响的实证研究——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

本文根据2008～2014年中国30个省份的面板数据构建模型,对科技创新对产业升级的影响进行实证研究。研究结果表明：从全国层面看,科技创新对促进产业升级呈现明显的正效应;从地区层面看,科技创新对产业升级影响存在着显著性差异,其中科技创新对产业升级的驱动效应在中部地区最大,西部地区其次,东部地区最小;通过进行分位数回归分析得出,产业升级发展的不同阶段,科技创新对产业升级的影响并非都相当大,影响小的地区要及时挖掘其他创新源。     

The effect of the dynamics of knowledge base complexity on Schumpeterian patterns of innovation: the upstream petroleum industry

This article analyzes important changes in technological innovation in the upstream petroleum industry. It provides evidence that shifts in sectoral patterns of innovation over the petroleum industry's lifecycle from the 1970s up to 2005 were dependent on the dynamics of knowledge base complexity (KBC), a key dimension of an industry's technological regime. Accordingly, observed shifts in innovation patterns are understood to be the aggregated strategic response of industry innovators to changes in the technological regime. The article proposes a quantitative method for exploring KBC and Schumpeterian patterns of innovation, and interactions between the two at the industry level. As the industry evolved, its knowledge base moved to higher orders of complexity creating a shift in the Schumpeterian pattern of innovation. Increased KBC was found to alter Schumpeterian patterns from Mark I toward a ‘modified’ Mark II. Instead of coming predominantly from ‘traditional’ established oil operators, technological innovation was increasingly triggered by a new class of emergent integrated service companies – ‘second tier’ systems integrators of the upstream sector able to cope with increased KBC.     

A new perspective on open innovation: established and new technology firms in UK bio‐pharmaceuticals

The aim of this paper is to explore open innovation (OI) implementation and its impact on firm innovation performance in sectors experiencing technological discontinuities. The paper employs the framework of inbound, outbound and coupled OI to identify processes reflecting sourcing, externalising and exchanging knowledge across organisational boundaries on upstream and downstream innovation activities and explores their impact on the innovation performance of new and established technology firms. The empirical setting is the UK bio‐pharmaceuticals sector during 1991 and 2001, a paradigmatic era of discontinous change and intensified OI implementation. First, our findings show that new technology firms (NTFs) and established technology firms (ETFs) differ in their extent and patterns of inbound, outbound and coupled OI, reflecting that they implement OI to manage their competences in light of technological change. Second, we identify a complex and multifaceted relationship between OI and patenting performance, with NTFs experiencing enhanced performance from some OI processes while ETFs experiencing challenges. The paper suggests that delineating OI into inbound, outbound and coupled, along upstream and downstream activities, offers a deeper understanding of the role of OI in innovation, guiding selective implementation in pursuing enhanced innovation performance during periods of discontinuous technological change.     

后发企业的技术跨越微观机理——基于动态能力的作用分析

由于后发优势及在位者创新困境的存在,后发企业实现对领先企业的技术跨越成为可能。动态能力在后发企业技术跨越中起着重要的作用。为了研究基于技术学习角度的动态能力在后发企业技术跨越中的作用演化机理,构建了后发企业技术跨越的非对称动态演化博弈模型,并对策略选择进行了稳定性的分析,用数值仿真演示了决策参数不同取值的改变对演化结果的影响。结果表明：后发企业技术跨越选择模式的系统演化收敛于两种模式：一种是不变革,始终处于技术落后状态;另一种是技术变革,实现对领先企业的技术跨越。研究结果表明,高阶的动态能力能够促使后发企业进行变革创新,实现对领先企业的技术跨越。低阶的动态能力不利于企业进行技术变革。因此,要培育高阶的动态能力。     

Organizing Continuous Product Development and Commercialization: The Collaborative Community of Firms Model

The increased importance of knowledge creation and use to firms' global competitiveness has spawned considerable experimentation with organizational designs for product development and commercialization over the last three decades. This paper discusses innovation‐related organizational design developments during this period, showing how firms have moved from stand‐alone organizations to multifirm network organizations to community‐based organizational designs. The collaborative community of firms model, the most recent organizational design in this evolutionary process, is described in detail. Blade.org, a purposefully designed collaborative community of firms dedicated to the continuous development and commercialization of blade servers, a computer technology with large but unforeseeable market potential, is used as an illustrative case. Blade.org's organizational design combines a community “commons” for the collective development and sharing of knowledge among member firms with explicit institutional mechanisms for the support of direct intermember collaboration. These design elements are used to overcome the challenges associated with (1) concurrent technological and market experimentation and (2) the dynamic coordination of a complex emergent system of hardware, software, and services provided by otherwise independent firms. To date, Blade.org has developed more than 60 new products, providing strong evidence of the innovation prowess of the collaborative community of firms organizational model. Based on an analysis of the evolution of organizational designs and the case of Blade.org, implications for innovation management theory and practice are derived.     

The impact of competition strength and density on performance: The technological competition networks in the wind energy industry

Technological competition plays an important role in technological development and innovation. However, technological competition networks have long been ignored in research. Based on the social network theory, we proposed that the innovation of an organization is greatly affected by the technological competition networks that it is embedded in. We introduced International Patent Classifications (IPCs) information to construct technological competition networks of organizations, and explored how competition network characteristics influence the organizational competitive capability and innovation performance.Based on the wind energy patent data between 2005 and 2014, we synthetically investigated the technological development and competition networks in the industry. Our findings show that (1) the evolutionary trends of patents and technology elements growth exhibit similar patterns (i.e., increasing before 2011 and decreasing after 2011); (2) the burst detection algorithm detects that 140 technological elements and 132 organizations experienced a sudden growth in production; (3) wind energy organizations intensively compete with each other, and in each year, only 10% of organizations can improve their technological competitive positions in the following year; (4) competition density in a competition network increases the technological competitive capability and innovation performance of firms. Additionally, competition strength has an inverted-U shaped relationship with both the aforementioned outcomes.     

Exploring the Contributions of Involving Ordinary Users in Ideation of Technology‐Based Services*

Lead users have long been acknowledged as important contributors to the market success of innovative products and services. The ability of lead users to be such effective innovators has been ascribed to a combination of adequate technological expertise and superior knowledge of the user domain so‐called use experience. Drawing on the apparent success of lead users in innovation, many companies are now attempting to involve other types of users, namely, ordinary users, for ideation at the fuzzy front end (FFE) of new product and service development. However, ordinary users do not usually possess the technological knowledge of lead users, and the existing literature provides little guidance on how to manage such user involvement or its expected contributions. The purpose of the present study is, therefore, to contribute to scholarly knowledge regarding the benefits and management of user involvement during the ideation phase of innovation in technology‐based services. More specifically, the study investigates the contribution made in this respect by “ordinary” users, as opposed to professional developers. The research questions that are addressed are as follows: (1) What contributions do ordinary users make when involved in the FFE for ideation of new technology‐based services; and (2) how is the contribution of the users affected by their knowledge of the underlying technology? The study addresses these questions through a literature review and conceptual analysis of the involvement of users in innovation in mobile telephony, followed by an empirical study using a quasi‐experimental design in which the independent variable is the users' technological knowledge of the underlying mobile telephone system and the dependent variable is the quality of the created idea‐proposals from an innovation perspective. Various scenarios involving guided users, pioneering users, and professionals are investigated. The study finds that the users' knowledge of the underlying technology has an effect on their propensity to contribute with incremental or radical new ideas. The ideas from guided users tend to be more incremental whereas the pioneering users' ideas are more radical. Contrary to the users in the guided user scenarios, the users in the pioneering user scenarios have a propensity to produce ideas that challenge the prevailing dominant logic of the company; these ideas can be used to assist the company to think in new trajectories. The paper proposes that ordinary users should not be expected to contribute ideas that can be directly put into the new product development process; rather, ordinary user involvement should be regarded as a process whereby a company learns about users' needs and is inspired to innovate. The paper concludes that user involvement can actually be a stimulus for review of a company's business strategy.