The trade policy cycle in the united states

This article explains the trade policy cycle existing in the United States by broadening the public choice spectrum, Two conflicting interests are incorporated with an interactive framework, Dynamic interactions between these two different interests generate the trade policy cycles.     

Intra-industry trade between the united states and the major latin american countries: Measurement and implications for free trade in the Americas

This paper presents estimates for the level of intra-industry trade in the 1991 bilateral commerce between the United States and Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. As theory predicts, intra-industry trade is positively correlated with income and with foreign investment in this study. Furthermore, Mexico and the United States present high levels of intra-industry trade, whereas the other Latin American countries analyzed have relatively low levels. The paper concludes that Mexico should experience much less difficulty in adjusting to free trade with the United States than the other countries. The low levels of intra-in-dustry trade between the United States and the other Latin American nations signal that increased trade between these areas would bring about significant dislocation of resources and high adjustment costs.     

A Ricardian model of trade and growth with endogenous trade status

We formulate a two-country, continuum-good Ricardian model of trade and endogenous growth with endogenous trade status. After establishing the existence, uniqueness, and global stability of a balanced growth path, we show that, compared with the old balanced growth path, a permanent fall in the trade cost in any one country: (i) raises the growth rates of capital in all countries for all periods; (ii) increases both the range of the imported varieties and that of the exported varieties in all countries for all periods; and (iii) raises welfare in all countries. Our theoretical predictions are qualitatively consistent with the empirical evidence.     

Bilateral trade with France increasing

The French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in China （CCIFC） recently received its 1,000th member as more French companies arrive amid increasing bilateral trade between the two countries.     

增长的“许可经营”（二）

Fastsigns 在1985年的夏天，第一家Fastsigns标识店诞生了，主要专注于切割乙烯树脂字母和logo，并将他们应用在道旗等标识的表面。     

Efficient barriers to trade: A sequential trade model with heterogeneous agents

This paper studies the choice of tariffs and other type of consumption taxes and subsidies in a flexible price version of the Prescott [Prescott, Edward C., 1975. Efficiency of the Natural Rate. Journal of Political Economy 83, 1229-1236.] hotels model. It is shown that a country with unstable demand may benefit from a tariff on imports. More surprisingly, the exporting country may also benefit from the tariff. In general, I consider the problem of a world planner who chooses country specific consumption taxes and subsidies. I show that buyers in countries that tend to consume relatively more in the high demand state should be taxed and buyers in countries that tend to consume relatively more in the low demand state should be subsidized.     

欧盟新成员国带给中国经贸关系的挑战

2004年5月1日，波兰、匈牙利、捷克、斯洛伐克、斯洛尼亚、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、塞浦路斯和马耳他等10国正式加入欧盟。欧盟由15国增加到25国，拥有4．5亿消费，年进出口额接近3万亿美元，占世界总贸易额的20％，国内生产总值占世界1/4，成为全球最大的贸易集团和进口市场。而这些新成员占拥有25个成员国的欧盟表面积的19．4％，人口的16．7％，国民生产总值的8．1％，新成员国的人均国内生产总值占欧盟平均数的48．6％。     

Optimal trade policy with quality-differentiated goods

In this article we apply the model of vertically differentiated products to international trade. A foreign firm competes with a domestic firm in the latter's market, producing products of varying quality. We examine the nature of the equilibrium in this case, assuming the firms compete in prices. Contrary to the popular belief, we show that a protectionist policy of imposing a tariff on the foreign firm raises overall welfare in the domestic economy, as well as induces the domestic firm to upgrade the quality of its product, if it produces the lower quality product. Furthermore, if minimum quality standards are imposed on the foreign firm, the domestic firm upgrades quality, and overall welfare in the domestic economy is higher.     

Innovation and trade with heterogeneous firms

This paper examines how trade liberalization affects the innovation incentives of firms, and what this implies for industry productivity. For this purpose we develop a reciprocal dumping model of international trade with heterogeneous firms and endogenous R&D. Among the robust results that hold both in the short run when there is no entry, and in the long run under free entry are that trade liberalization increases aggregate R&D when trade costs are low and decreases R&D when trade costs are high. Expected industry productivity rises as trade costs fall.     

Free trade agreement and transport service trade

This study investigates the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade in transport services using OECD data from 2003 to 2006. Our analysis found that FTAs had a positive overall impact on transport services for multiple countries (i.e., 26 home and 56 partner countries). The resulting positive overall impact assures that, even with the challenges associated with different layers of services and the obstacles formed by generally low trade openness in the sector, the provisions in FTAs (e.g., national treatment and market access for goods and services) promote transport service trades. Our findings suggest that the provisions in FTAs encourage economic agents to increase engagement in transport services because of expanded openness of the physical movement of goods across international borders.     

浅谈技术性贸易壁垒与中国的国际贸易

在经济全球化，国际贸易日趋激烈化的趋势下，科技日新月异，同时也随之产生了国际贸易中的又一重要手段一技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barriers to Trade—TBT)。所谓技术性贸易壁垒，是指一国以维护国家安全，或保护人类健康和安全，保护动植物的生命和健康，保护生念环境，或防止欺诈行为，保证产品质量为由，采取一些强制性或非强制性的技术性措施，这     

The structure of German trade with Africa

The structure of Germany’s trade with Africa differs substantially from the general pattern of its foreign trade relations. But there is a further pecullarity in this trade. Each of the African countries concerned has a very specific importance as a trading partner. The following article reviews the characteristic features of African-German trade relations.     

Parallel trade with an endogenous market structure

This paper sets up a two‐country model in which there is one domestic manufacturer authorising its product to a distributor in the foreign country. The distributor can sell the product not only to its own market (i.e., the foreign market) but also back to the domestic market. The latter is called parallel trade (PT). The paper investigates the effects of PT on the profits of the manufacturer and social welfare if the domestic market structure is endogenously determined. It is found that PT should be encouraged rather than banned as it increases not only the profits of the manufacturer but also the welfare of both the domestic and the foreign countries.     

A vintage capital model of international trade: The case of trade with second-hand machines

The familiar two-sector, clay-clay growth model of a closed economy has been turned into an open one for which an import function could be derived. By means of this function international trade with second-hand machines can be explained on technological grounds rather than on differences in the factor endowment between the trading countries. Moreover, the technologically advanced country is by this trade able to provide ‘technological development aid’ to the backward country.     

行政许可法还人民尚方宝剑海关坐禅厦门修公仆

实施行政许可法以后，海关的行政许可项目将会减少，海关行政许可程序将会简化，海关行政管理职能和管理方式将会进一步转变，海关与企业、海关与社会的关系将会得到进一步改善。