A Dynamic Analysis of University Agricultural Biotechnology Patent Production

This article examines the factors that account for agricultural biotechnology patenting success among universities using a dynamic count data model. It builds a theoretical and econometric model to capture the inherently dynamic and nonlinear process of technological innovation, wherein a feedback mechanism from previous success partially determines current patent counts. The econometric estimates reveal the importance to agricultural biotechnology patent production of land grant infrastructure, quality faculty, patent-oriented technology transfer offices, as well as dynamic feedback effects.     

Trends in Atlantic Canada's Potato Industry

Long-term potato acreage trends show decline in Nova Scotia, stability in New Brunswick and expansion on Prince Edward Island. The long-term trend for yield has been upward since the 1940s. Crop disposition has become primarily to processing in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, but Prince Edward Island continues to dispose of much of its crop in the table market despite the growth of the processing sector. Contract growing of processing potatoes has provided farmers an opportunity to reduce price risk. The trend to larger farm acreages continues, although the number of potato farms in Prince Edward Island has been maintained with the province's large increase in total potato acreage. Crop rotations have converged on large-scale Maritime potato farms at frequencies that on Prince Edward Island have lead to the call for a mandatory three-year rotation. Les superficies de culture de lapomme de terre esquissent à long terme une tendance à la baisse en Nouvelle-Écosse, à la stabilité au Nouveau-Brunswick et à l'expansion dans l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard. Quant au rendement, la tendance est à la hausse depuis les années 1940. Lespommes de terre de la Nouvelle-Écosse et du Nouveau-Brunswick sont essentiellement transformées tandis que celles de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard sont en grande partie consommées nature. La tendance en faveur du conditionnement de la pomme de terre a assuré aux producteurs de pommes de terres une protection contre les fluctuations desprix. La tendance en faveur de plus grandes exploitations de culture de la pomme de terre se poursuit, quoique le nombre d'exploitations spécialisées dans cette culture s'est maintenu dans l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard. Les provinces ont enregistré une augmentation marquée de la super fide de culture de lapomme de terre. Sur les grandes fermes de pommes de terre Maritimes, le systèm de rotation de ces cultures a convergé vers une fréquence telle que celle qui a conduit à I'appel d'un système obligatoire de rotation tri-annuel à l'Ile-du-Prince-Édouard.     

学会动态

▲2004年《中国土地科学》宣传工作会议召开2004年9月21～22日,“2004年《中国土地科学》宣传工作会议”在江西庐山召开,这次会议是《中国土地科学》第一次筹备召开的宣传工作会议,目的是进一步扩大宣传,增进与各省土地学会和有关单位的联系,搞好《中国土地科学》的宣传发行工作。《中国土地科学》作为中国土地科学学科惟一一本国家级学术期刊,代表着中国土地科学学术理论和技术发展的整体水平和最高水平。因此,《中国土地科学》需要相关各界更广泛地支持,需要相互了解和沟通。会议由副主编冯广京主持,并受中国土地学会领导、《中国土地科学…     

Trends in Western Canada's Potato Industry

The potato industry in Western Canada is expanding as it becomes part of the continental market which is developing in response to NAFTA initiatives. Two segments of the industry have been responsible for most of this growth – seed potatoes and frozen french fries. Climatic conditions and relative isolation combine to make Western Canadian seed potatoes competitive in the US market. Transnational potato processing firms, seeking to diversify their sources of supply, have been expanding or extending operations to Western Canada. The availability of additional irrigated land will be a crucial determinant of future expansion of the industry in Western Canada. Le secteur de la production de la pomme de terre de l'Ouest du Canada prend de l'expansion grâce au marché continental qui se développe dans la foulée de l'ALÉNA. Deux segments du secteur sont à l'origine d'une bonne partie de cette croissance - les pommesfrites surgelées et les pommes de terre de semence. Les conditions climatiques ainsi que l'isolement relatif contribuent à rendre les pommes de terre de semence de l'Ouest canadien concurrentielles sur le marché américain. Les entreprises transnational de transformation de la pomme de terre qui cherchent à diversifier leurs sources d'approvisionnement ont également pris racine dans l'Ouest canadien. L'expansion du secteur de production de la pomme de terre dans ce coin du pays dépendra dans une large mesure de la disponibilité d'une plus grande superficie de terres irriguées.     

Food Consumption Trends in the Pacific Rim

The growing affluence of the Pacific Rim countries has changed food consumption patterns. Diets in the region have become more diverse and well-balanced nutritionally. Western-style foods are becoming increasingly popular and available to people in the region. The rapid growth of fast-food chains and supermarkets present U.S. agricultural exporters with a myriad of opportunities for exporting food products to the Pacific Rim. Food producers who are willing to modify their products to the tastes of Pacific Rim consumers will have the most success. By reformulating food products and developing new packaging technologies more high-value foods can be sold in the Pacific Rim. U.S. food processors must also develop improved methods of processing traditional foods eaten by people in the region into more convenient forms. Finally, it is important for U.S. agricultural exporters to keep a close watch on the changing trends in food consumption in the region in order to stay competitive and increase their opportunities for entering new markets.     

突发事件应急管理的发展趋势

随着突发事件的不断发生,以及给国家、社会、公民造成严重的危害,突发事件应急管理成为当代整个国际社会所关注的共同主题,也成为公共管理理论和实践界所重视的重要领域,我国应急管理建设面临着愈加严峻的挑战。     

南非地下水管理的趋势

在全世界都存在着不断增大对有限水资源需求压力的情形下,水资源管理方法的变革是势在必行了。当然,重要管理方法的改革起到作用还需花数年甚至数十年的时间。因此预先找出地下水的发展趋势并采取战略性的行动就显得越来越重要了。通过最近对中华人民共和国的访问,作者再一次意识到水资源管理领域国际间合作的必要性,尤其在发展中国家之间,由于他们共同面对了可持续发展的挑战,加强合作更是十分必要的。目前南非正致力于水资源管理的重大改革,这也是国内经过多年的实行种族歧视政策及国际封锁制裁之后推行国家复兴与发展的主要问题之…     

The Role of Patent Rights in Mergers: Consolidation in Plant Biotechnology

Few empirical studies have addressed the impact of the patent system on industry structure. Using firm-level patent data for firms in plant biotechnology, we develop a measure of patent enforceability. Duration models show that patent statistics are useful predictors of the timing of consolidation and that patent enforceability is an important factor influencing the likelihood of consolidation. Acquisitions in plant biotechnology may be motivated by the enforcement of patent rights when firms have overlapping technologies; some merger activity may be explained by attempts to avoid mutually blocking technology, as exemplified by the case of Roundup Ready corn.     

面条产品研究动态

面条是亚洲国家最常见的传统面食,是我国的传统主食之一.利用杂粮丰富的营养和独特的风味开发面条类产品,满足消费者的不同要求,提高产品的竞争力始终是面条企业需要思考的问题.经过研究人员的多年努力,开发出了多种产品,积累了大量的研究成果.对粮食面条和杂粮面条的研究动态和进展进行综述,为今后的研究提出建议,供面条研究人员参考.     

试论农业现代化的发展趋势

经济全球化的历史进程,将深刻地影响我国经济的诸多方面。我国作为一个农业大国但非农业强国,对于目前世界上农业现代化的趋势应有个全面、正确的认识。这样才能扬长避短,明确我国农业现代化的方针政策。本文仅就智力农业、精细农业、信息农业、生态农业等方面作了一些探讨,以此为政策、规划的制定者们提供一些理论参考。     

中国农村村庄治理方式的发展趋势

本文从经济与政治关联的特定视角分析了中国农村村庄治理方式的发展趋向。指出中国农村现行的村民自治制度是特定经济背景下的产物,随着农村经济的非均衡发展和迅速变迁,村民自治模式将日益呈现多样化趋势,并有可能最终突破村民自治框架,实现村庄治理方式的转换。基于此,文章提出了一系列应对思路。     

当前全球矿产勘查与开发动向

全球矿业正处于深度调整之中。矿产勘查受全球金融危机影响出现短暂消沉后迅速恢复,大部分重要矿产储量持续增长;矿业开发投资持续快速增长,矿产品供应能力不断增强;矿业公司并购活跃,跨国并购成为主流,生产集中度不断提高;矿产品价格高位震荡,经济发展成本不断提高;新兴国家拉动资源需求,资源民族主义可能会对未来矿业发展产生重大影响。     

从专利角度分析辐射技术在果蔬保鲜中的研究进展

辐射保鲜与传统方法相比,既可以保留果蔬的营养成分,又可以保留产品的新鲜感和风味,具有能耗低、无化学残留的优点。本文对应用于果蔬保鲜领域的辐射技术的国内外相关专利技术进行了综述,探究总结该领域专利技术的发展趋势,以期为果蔬保鲜领域的创新拓宽思路、专利申请与布局、专利保护与运用方面提供借鉴。     

Production functions in Agriculture

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the quadratic production functions used by D. Gale Johnson [4] in his investigation of sharecropping and by H. Scott Gordon [3] in his classic analysis of a common property resource. Both Johnson and Gordon use linear average and marginal production functions in the geometric exposition of their respective theories, but neither author has explored the unusual properties of the quadratic production function which yields a linear marginal product and average product for one factor. The first part of this paper will investigate the quadratic production function used by Johnson in his sharecropping study, and the second part of this paper will explore the similar quadratic production function employed by Gordon in a subsequent paper on the economic theory of fisheries. In his seminal study of sharecropping, Johnson finds that when one maximizes with respect to labor, the tenant will rent additional land until the marginal physical product of land is zero. He demonstrates this remarkable result in two ways. First he does so with calculus by using a neoclassical production function, and second he does so with geometry in Figure 1 of this classic paper. [4]. Although the calculus is correct, his geometric example raises interesting questions. He says linear functions are shown in Figure 1 of this paper for simplicity, but the example can be generalized for any type of average product function. However, he does not explain what type of production function can generate linear marginal and average product functions, and it is the intention of this paper to do so. In particular, one can ask whether such a production function is neoclassical, or one can ask what is the nature of the marginal and average product functions for the second factor of production? Also, one can ask whether such a production function is linear homogeneous? The properties of a neoclassical production function can be found in Burmeister and Dobell [1]. They list six properties of a neoclassical production function, Y = F(K,L):     

Innovation and Competitiveness: Trends in Unit Prices in Global Trade

This paper seeks to build on theory, to develop new methods for understanding the nature and basis of sectoral and national competitive advantage, and to do so with a temporal perspective. Neo-Schumpeterian and evolutionary economics perspectives (which place innovation at the forefront of accumulation) highlight the importance of economic rents, barriers to entry and core competencies. There is no one measure that adequately reflects these barriers to entry, and much of the research has been concerned to generate proxies, each of which is in itself partial, but which together provide a comprehensive picture. During the late 1970s, preliminary work was undertaken on the unit price of UK trade as an indicator of relative technological competence. However, this approach has largely been neglected since then, receiving only sporadic attention in US literature, and at high levels of product aggregation. This paper utilizes this approach to try and reflect the dynamic process of shifting competitive advantage in the global economy. Its distinctive feature is the level of detail—six-digit trade classifications—and its breadth of coverage, being applied to seven sets of sectoral classifications involving more than 12 000 product groups. The data set relates to EU imports of manufactured goods between 1988 and 2001. It concludes that there is a strong correlation between unit price performance and innovation intensity, and provides data to show that low-income economies tend to be located in low-innovation niches in sectoral groupings. This has important implications for the conventional wisdom that high incomes will result from a specialization in manufactures.     

我国未来农户饲养演变趋势探析

畜产品需求增长是决定我国未来农户饲养演变的重要因素。在城镇居民畜产品消费进入合理增长阶段、农户畜产品需求快速增长阶段暂不会到来的背景下,未来我国农户饲养演变将主要呈现出以下趋势;小规模分散饲养的主导地位短期内不会改变;未来农户饲养继续呈现区域性不平衡;经济实用型新技术是未来农户饲养演进的主要技术路线;农户饲养的规模化、专业化发展同环境保护相结合。     

日本蔬菜产业发展新动向

近年来 ,世界蔬菜年贸易总量不断增加。日本作为世界上最大的农产品进口国 ,其蔬菜进口量约占整个农产品贸易总量的 1 0 % ,占日本蔬菜消费总量的 1 8%。研究日本的蔬菜生产现状、贸易状况、消费需求以及流通途径新动向 ,对加强中日蔬菜贸易、促进我国蔬菜产业发展有着十分重要的现实意义。一、日本蔬菜生产现状与发展动态(一 )日本蔬菜生产现状近年来日本蔬菜种植面积逐年减少 ,蔬菜自给率由 1 980年的 95%下降到目前的 82 %。据统计 ,2 0 0 1年日本 2 9种重要蔬菜的种植面积为 52 .4 7万公顷 ,比 1 999年减少了 2 .5%。日本蔬菜种植面积减…