论专业银行全面企业化与近期承包经营责任制的实施

国家专业银行企业化问题是一个非常复杂的问题。由于受历史的、传统的、理论的和现实的影响,在改革实践中困难多、阻力大,至今银行企业化格局还没有最后形成。近几年来,学术界就企业化目标模式问题进行了初步探讨,众说纷坛、莫衷一是。其中,比较集中的观点有系统企业化、整体企业化、股份制企业化、重组企业化及全面企业化等五种。我们比较倾向于全面企业化的选择。而现实起点是实行承包经营责任制。在阐明了全面企业化的内含之后,我们将论述承包经营责任制的内容和实施的设想。一、如何认识银行企业化经营战略认识。我国金融改革进入深化阶段,应当从战略的高度认识企业化改革。金融发展战略是金融业改革的普遍规律性的问题,而不是局部的短期行为。银行企业化经营,金融市场形成,是金融改革发展战略的重要内容。大家知道,我国经济体制改革的一项重大突破是社会融资方式初步实现了由财政主导型向银行主导型的转变。从1978年到1986年,投向生产建设和流通的资金总额中,由财政渠道支出的已从76.6％下降到31.6％,由银行渠道支出的已从23.4％上升到68.4％。可见,金融业在促进经济成长与社会进步,保证社会总供给与总     

财政存款、银行竞争与僵尸企业形成

银行以优惠利率贷款为低质企业“输血”,是企业僵尸化的重要成因。然而,基于中国背景的文献,对银行“输血”动机的研究并不充分,本文从地方财政存款影响银行信贷分配的视角,分析僵尸企业形成的内在机理。首先,通过构建理论模型对银行竞争财政存款及影响企业融资和投资绩效进而僵尸化的逻辑进行刻画,而后依据省份财政存款、银行竞争与微观企业财务数据,对理论推论进行了验证。研究发现,财政存款占当地存款比重越大,企业僵尸化概率越高,并且银行竞争助长了企业僵尸化。此外,基于工具变量估计处理了核心变量的内生性问题,并进行了多种稳健性检验。机制检验表明,财政存款的信贷分配效应,促使企业过度投资,导致经营绩效恶化,进而提高了企业僵尸化概率,银行竞争则会加剧该效应。本文拓展了财政存款的经济效应与僵尸企业形成方面的文献,对于僵尸企业治理有一定参考意义。     

财政存款、银行竞争与僵尸企业形成

银行以优惠利率贷款为低质企业“输血”,是企业僵尸化的重要成因。然而,基于中国背景的文献,对银行“输血”动机的研究并不充分,本文从地方财政存款影响银行信贷分配的视角,分析僵尸企业形成的内在机理。首先,通过构建理论模型对银行竞争财政存款及影响企业融资和投资绩效进而僵尸化的逻辑进行刻画,而后依据省份财政存款、银行竞争与微观企业财务数据,对理论推论进行了验证。研究发现,财政存款占当地存款比重越大,企业僵尸化概率越高,并且银行竞争助长了企业僵尸化。此外,基于工具变量估计处理了核心变量的内生性问题,并进行了多种稳健性检验。机制检验表明,财政存款的信贷分配效应,促使企业过度投资,导致经营绩效恶化,进而提高了企业僵尸化概率,银行竞争则会加剧该效应。本文拓展了财政存款的经济效应与僵尸企业形成方面的文献,对于僵尸企业治理有一定参考意义。     

现代金融中介理论视角下的我国金融体系模式选择

现代金融中介理论表明,商业银行等金融中介与经济增长之间存在密切的相关性。金融中介在促进经济增长的同时,也面临着许多复杂问题。本文从现代金融中介理论的视角出发,对银行导向型金融体系与市场导向型金融体系进行了国际比较,并从融资关系、风险管理、信息生产、公司治理等角度进行对比分析,得出在中国现实的环境下中介与市场发挥着不同作用,但金融中介的优势明显。因此,我国应选择以金融中介为主、资本市场为辅的金融体系,并加紧推出金融机构的混业经营模式。     

中国国有银行改革进程中的效率变迁:金融功能视角

关于国有银行效率的已有研究大都缺乏中国制度背景,只是简单的实证分析,所得结论只具有短期性,并且由于期限、模型和代表变量的选择不同而有所差异。本文结合我国的经济制度,从金融功能视角对国有银行的效率进行了分析。本文认为,国有银行具有市场金融功能与财政替代功能双重属性,这两种功能演变的内在逻辑决定了国有银行在不同阶段的效率。国有银行市场化改革应重视国有银行功能与外部制度环境之间的耦合性,与相应的财税体制改革也纳入统一框架,共同推进,以避免银行功能财政化。     

我国商业银行关于政府融资平台风险的管理对策与评价

目前地方政府融资平台的风险问题受到了政府部门、监管部门、金融系统以及社会学界的广泛关注。在我国当前财政体系下,地方政府不能破产清算;一旦出现债务无法清偿的状况,地方的财政风险必然会转移为中央财政风险和金融风险,对银行、金融系统乃至社会各阶层都会造成相当程度的危害。本文将采用2009、2010年我国主要商业银行关于政府融资平台贷款的数据展开分析,对银行的融资平台风险进行阐述,并提出相关对策。     

银行业市场结构、金融发展与中小企业融资

本文以2010年至2016年中小企业板上市企业数据为样本,实证研究我国银行业市场结构以及金融环境对中小企业信贷融资的影响。结果表明,集中的银行业市场更能缓解中小企业的融资约束状况。并且区域性小银行能够通过金融发展促进中小企业融资,而大银行、全国性股份银行则会通过金融发展抑制中小企业信贷融资。本文的启示在于,由区域性小银行所主导的集中的信贷市场可以通过良好的金融环境有效解决中小企业信贷约束问题。     

企业融资与治理结构视角下的金融脆弱性研究

从企业融资与治理结构的视角出发研究金融脆弱性具有重要的现实意义，本文对此进行了理论探讨，并提出了三者之间的逻辑关系图。在此基础上，以东南亚金融危机为例，进行了具体分析和讨论。研究表明，危机前东南亚国家不合理的企业融资体系以及公司治理结构是危机发生的一个非常重要的原因。这对我国具有一定的启示作用，从微观主体出发研究我国金融稳定内在机制同样具有重要的现实意义。我国应该继续深化市场化改革，加强股权和债权约束，进而促进经济金融的稳定运行。     

股价信息含量与非金融企业金融化

本文从非金融企业金融化这一独特视角,考察了股价信息含量对企业投资决策的影响及其经济机制.研究结果显示,股价信息含量的提高显著抑制了中国非金融上市公司的金融化,并且这种影响在信息透明度较低的上市公司中表现更为显著.进一步的机制检验发现,缓解融资约束和发挥公司治理功能是股价信息含量抑制非金融上市公司金融化的两种重要经济机制.此外本文还发现,股价信息含量有助于抑制非金融上市公司过度金融化的倾向和水平.本文的研究结论丰富了企业金融化影响因素和股价信息含量经济后果的相关研究,揭示了资本市场影响实体经济的重要路径,也为从微观视角促进金融服务实体经济提供了重要启示.     

经济金融化、企业异质性与银行风险承担研究

本文运用中国数据构建经济金融化指数,以此衡量我国经济金融化的态势及波动。研究表明,经济金融化指数能够较好反映我国经济金融化情况,1996年以来我国经济金融化稳步上升,兼具阶段性波动,这与经济全球化、金融自由化的趋势以及宏观政策紧密联系。本文运用所构建的经济金融化指数、银行微观数据以及其他宏观数据,研究了经济金融化对银行风险承担的影响。研究表明,经济金融化对银行风险承担存在U型影响机制,即经济金融化有助于降低银行风险承担水平,但过度经济金融化则会提高银行风险承担水平,同时经济金融化对全国性银行风险承担的负向影响比较显著。根据研究结论,本文提出了坚持适宜性,防止过度的经济金融化;完善金融监管框架,强化金融业审慎监管;审慎推进金融业改革,防止实体经济“泛金融化”等针对性建议。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.