经合组织国家监管治理理念及对我国的启示

以经济合作与发展组织（Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,OECD）为代表的发达市场经济国家首次提出了监管治理理念,认为实现有效监管治理包括监管政策、监管工具和监管机构三个相互关联的要素。OECD各国阐述了各自的监管治理理念,并在实践层面采取了具体改革措施以及进行了有益探索,取得了良好的社会经济绩效。中国正在建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制,尚未形成有效监管治理观念,借鉴OECD国家监管治理及监管改革的先进经验,对于实现政府的有效监管有着重要的现实意义。     

经合组织国家管制改革的新发展

OECD国家的管制改革几经更迭，上世纪70年代末以放松管制为主，90年代初期出现了“再管制”回流，90年代末，管制改革转向提高管制质量，并建立了“管制质量”改革的基本框架，通过机制、标准、参与、工具等制度的建设，“管制质量”改革取得了良好成效。     

Regulatory Policy: OECD Experience and Evidence

In the past 20 years a key topic of public-sector reform inOECD countries has been the emergence of regulatory policy.During this period, the nature of regulation has undergone profoundand rapid change. This paper reviews the development of regulatorypolicy in OECD countries over the last quarter-century. It identifiesa range of tools and institutions that have been used by OECDcountries to develop high-quality regulation. The analysis attemptsto show that while there is considerable commonality on broadobjectives of regulatory policy, considerably diversity remainsin the implementation of regulatory policy across OECD countries. Footnotes ¹ E-mail address: nikolai.malyshev{at}oecd.org     

Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Productivity Growth: An Examination of the Brynjolfsson–Hitt Proposition

This study investigates what happened to productivity growth during the Information Technology (IT) revolution in an IT-driven economy, Korea. To this end, we have decomposed the source of productivity growth into technological change, technical efficiency and scale economies using a stochastic frontier function and examined how the composition of productivity growth has changed with different phases of IT developments. We have used panel data that is comprised of 4022 firms from 1996 to 2000. We have found that Korean firms have been quick to embrace organizational restructuring to adapt to a new business environment brought about by IT, which seems to be the major source of the success of Korean firms. We have also found that: (i) there is no substantial difference in productivity gains between IT-producing firms and IT-using firms; (ii) productivity growth is more robust to business cycles in an IT-driven economy than in the traditional economy; and (iii) efficiency improvement attributed to organizational transformation plays a greater role in productivity growth as IT applications become more widespread.     

Does information technology raise Japan's productivity?

A standard growth accounting exercise indicates that, after Japan's “lost decade,” its overall total-factor-productivity (TFP) growth has increased notably since 2000. This productivity revival has been limited, however, to information technology (IT) production—has not been a broad-based productivity acceleration like that seen in the United States after the mid-1990s. This paper examines the relationship between IT and productivity gains by employing the “augmented” growth accounting framework for Japanese industry-level data from 1975 through 2005. In particular, we estimate “purified” technology change at industry level by accounting for cyclical mismeasurement of inputs. We find that the post-2000 increase in overall TFP growth does indeed appear to arise from an increase in technological change. Furthermore, the pickup in technology growth has occurred not only in the production of IT but also in the industries that use IT intensively. Our results suggest the possibility that stories of IT as a general purpose technology (GPT) could apply to Japan as well as to the United States.     

日本规制改革最新进展评析——基于PMR综合指数的观察

日本自20世纪80年代末起展开了规制改革,至今仍在不断推进之中。为了跟踪并考察规制改革绩效,从1998年开始,OECD建立起了PMR综合指标评价体系,以评估各国的规制改革状况。利用OECD(经合组织)的PMR指数观察日本规制改革的最新进展,结果发现:日本的规制改革已初见成效,但是改革的速度在放慢,其路径依赖和选择性改革的特征比较明显。     

Convergence,the “tax-state” and economic dynamics

Convergence, the “Tax State” and Economic Dynamics. — The paper analyses the welfare/efficiency relationship of taxation and empirically tests the relationship between taxes and economic dynamics for OECD countries. Since taxes are only one of the determinants of economic growth, in a first step the influence of other sources of or impediments to economic growth is analysed. This general model - which contains hypotheses about catching-up, the technological gap, human capital and inflation - is tested against a specific model in which the specific interest is in the role of taxes. For the group of the most important OECD countries taxation turns out to be growth-retarding.     

Shifting International Competitiveness: An Analysis of Market Share in Manufacturing Industries in Japan,Korea, Taiwan and the USA*

In the present study we conduct constant market share analysis of the imports and apparent consumption of the manufacturing industries of four major economies‐Korea, Japan, Taiwan and the USA. Additionally, the current study disaggregates import penetration in manufacturing, including sectors with relatively high technological requirements. Statistical tests of the significance of changes in import penetration in manufacturing industries are also conducted. The real growth of exports and apparent consumption in the two largest OECD markets is decomposed into: (i) the commodity composition effect; and (ii) the competitiveness effect. Finally, we examine the significance of trade policy for changes in import penetration in Japan and the USA.     

中国制造业出口贸易的技术结构分布及其国际比较

借鉴Lall(2000)及OECD(2008)的方法,利用1995～2006年三位数《标准国际贸易分类》数据,本文分析了中国制造业出口贸易的技术结构分布,并与世界主要国家和地区进行了比较。研究发现:(1)从贸易统计上看,中国制造业出口的技术结构已经由低技术制造业转向了高技术制造业。(2)与日本、美国和德国等世界主要发达国家以汽车、化工和机械等中技术制成品出口为主不同,中国的出口主要集中在低技术制成品和高技术制成品,其中低技术制成品以纺织、皮革和鞋类为主,而高技术制成品则以信息和通信技术产品为主。(3)中国出口贸易的技术结构与发展中经济体更为相似,特别是向亚洲新兴工业经济体不断趋同;与发达经济体的差异虽然较大,但正迅速向其趋同。由于中国高技术产品的出口贸易主要依靠外资企业和加工贸易,中国出口贸易的技术结构分布和贸易竞争力可能被夸大了。     

技术能力与企业出口绩效间关系的经验性研究

文章通过对我国制造业企业技术能力与出口绩效关系的实证研究发现,技术人员比重对出口绩效存在负面影响;技术创新能力对出口绩效没有影响;而信息技术与技术性人力资源和技术创新能力的交叉作用均对出口绩效产生了显著而积极的作用.本研究反映出我国制造业企业在国际市场上缺乏技术竞争优势.同时,文章认为我国外向型企业在实施国际化战略时,必须重视对自身信息技术的投入.     

Technological Diffusion and Productivity Convergence: A Study for Manufacturing in the OECD

In this article is investigated the issue of total factor productivity convergence through international technological diffusion on disaggregate manufacturing panel data from 1970 to 1995 with respect to a set of OECD countries. Estimates of alternate growth equations imply conditional convergence in all industries. Leaving out the conditioning variables still implies a significant catch-up effect in a great majority of industries. These same industries are also characterized by σ-convergence and by a tendency toward a unimodal distribution of relative productivity levels. These results suggest that, during the period of investigation, total factor productivity growth performances in OECD manufacturing were dominated by transitional dynamics. Evidence in favor of the presence of a unit root in the technology gap between frontier and non-frontier countries is, therefore, misleading.     

外资撤离速度与制造业转型升级——基于CGE对IT制造业的仿真分解分析

近年来，IT制造业等外资依赖性较强的产业面临的外资撤离风险不断升高，如何衡量和评估不同撤离速度下内资企业的发展稳定性和实现转型升级的支撑性?文章将CGE模型数值模拟与DEA分解分析相结合，考察不同外资撤离速度场景对IT制造业内资企业的影响，以及机制和路径。结果表明：1、当外资流入为0或者其存量以5%的速度小幅持续撤离时，内资企业受影响较小。较高的资本深化率、技术效率和技术进步使得其能够较快填补市场空白，具备企稳回升的能力；2、当外资存量以25%的较高速度撤离时，内资企业由于技术进步受到抑制，劳动生产率处于不可扭转的持续下滑趋势；3、外资企业在可见预期内仍然将是内资企业的主要技术进步来源，外资撤离会通过抑制内资企业技术进步，从而约束资本深化和技术效率的路径中对内资企业的稳定发展和转型升级产生负面影响。基于上述研究，文章提出相关政策启示和建议。     

慈善捐赠与技术创新关系研究——基于A股上市公司实证数据

基于2010—2019 年 A股上市公司样本,将内部控制作为调节变量,构建模型,研究慈善捐赠与技术创新的关系,以及内部控制在慈善捐赠和技术创新关系中的调节作用。结果表明：慈善捐赠与技术创新呈显著正相关,说明企业进行慈善捐赠可以促进企业技术创新;内部控制对慈善捐赠和技术创新之间具有正向调节作用。最后提出相关建议。     

Commercial bank lending to developing countries: Supply constraints

Middle-income developing countries rely heavily on commercial bank borrowing for the bulk of their financing requirements, but borrowing from this source cannot be projected with confidence. Privately owned financial institutions are subject to a number of capital and regulatory constraints which can adversely affect (will heavily influence) the level and direction of future lending to developing countries. Moreover, the volatility and short-term character of commercial bank lending suggests an urgent need to reduce the role of commercial banks in recycling the OECD and OPEC surplus, and to create new mechanisms designed to ensure more stable and longer term sources of capital to developing countries.     

Growth differentials in OECD countries: some reflections

This note briefly addresses two questions related to growth performance in the OECD area, namely: 1) why have so few OECD countries seen an increase in productivity related to investment in Information and Communications Technology (ICT); 2) how does the environment for firm creation affect growth in OECD countries? The note points to some recent empirical work with firm-level data on these issues and suggests that further cross-country research with such data could be very helpful.     

新视角下IT能力与协同创新绩效作用机理研究

IT能力对技术创新联盟的协同创新绩效的提升具有重要的现实意义。基于此,文章从隐性知识转化效率视角来探讨IT能力对联盟协同创新绩效的影响机制,通过系统动力学方法的基本原理构建了IT能力、隐性知识转化效率与协同创新绩效的因果关系模型,并应用Vensim PLE软件进行系统仿真。研究结果发现:IT能力对隐性知识吸收转化效率的影响接近于S型增长趋势,对协同创新绩效的影响呈现非线性增长趋势。同时,隐性知识转化效率的相关影响因素,即知识转移意愿和知识吸收能力对协同创新绩效产生显著正向影响,其中知识转移意愿的影响更强。     

How successfully China has applied the OECD principles of corporate governance: a critical assessment

This paper attempts to critically analyze how successful China has been in applying the OECD principles of corporate governance. In doing so, assessment has been made in light of the six core issues of the OECD principles. A satisfactory level of progress has been noted in China’s legal and regulatory framework since the 1990s. New laws, regulations, and rules have been enacted, existing ones have been amended, and all the required institutions have been built accordingly in order to ensure good corporate governance practices in the country. However, there are still bottlenecks in terms of the enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules mainly due to the various structural limitations in the Chinese administration and judiciary. The paper argues that China should now move forward with an accelerated enforcement agenda in the area of corporate governance in order to make China Inc. more competitive and sustainable.     

Technological Shifts and Convergence in a European Perspective since 1950

Abstract

The paper analyses the behaviour of convergence/divergence primarily within Western Europe and the OECD in relation to market integration and to major technological shifts such as the second and the third industrial revolution. It also relates the behaviour to traditional growth theory and endogenous growth theory as well as to historical generalisations based on structural analysis. The empirical focus is on an econometric analysis of convergence/divergence since 1950 in order to develop measures of these forces as continuous processes over time. The analysis indicates trend shifts from convergence to divergence with the appearance of stronger divergent forces in combination with the major technological shifts. There is as well a cyclical variation between divergence/convergence from the 1970s. It also indicates a pronounced structural divergence from 1990 in combination with accelerated growth in mainly English-speaking economies.     

中韩产业结构高度化的比较分析——以两国制造业为例

展望未来韩国产业的发展与结构变化,中国产业结构变化是必须考虑的重要因素之一。本文为了探析中国的产业结构高度化趋势与程度,根据OECD技术分类标准,以制造业为中心,对中、韩两国的产业结构进行了详尽的比较分析。研究结果表示,两国都呈现出比较明显的产业高度化态势。在制造业中,高端技术产业的比重显著增加。韩国高端技术产业比重的增长快于中国,中国在中端技术产业与低端技术产业的比重大于韩国。     

The effects of input tariffs on productivity: panel data evidence for OECD countries

Based on a panel of 16 OECD countries and 10 manufacturing industries over 1996–2007, this paper investigates the impact of tariffs on foreign intermediate goods on productivity growth in downstream manufacturing industries. The results show that imposing tariffs on imported intermediate goods is particularly harmful for industries that operate close to the global technological frontier. We also consider the possibility that input-tariff liberalisation may have different effects depending on the technological content of imported intermediate goods. Our findings suggest that protecting imports of high-technological goods is more harmful for productivity improvements in industries that operate close to global best practice.