资源禀赋与中国制造业出口竞争力——基于省际空间面板数据模型的检验

随着中国经济增长对资源需求的日益增加,资源禀赋对中国区域经济增长的影响愈加重要。文章利用空间面板数据模型研究了中国区域资源禀赋对制造业出口竞争力的直接影响及空间溢出效应。结果显示,资源禀赋对中国制造业出口竞争力具有诅咒效应,资源开发不能为制造业出口竞争力提供持续增长潜力;资源禀赋具有示范效应并对邻近地区制造业出口竞争力产生负面影响;资源禀赋具有“荷兰病”效应,资源过度开采将抑制中国区域制造业的发展并影响制造业对外竞争力。     

我国对美国文化产品出口贸易的影响因素研究

近年来中国对美国文化产品出口贸易保持了增长态势。本文试图探讨制造业出口对文化产品出口的影响。实证研究表明,中国对美国的制造业出口促进了中国对美国文化产品的出口,制造业出口对文化产品出口存在持续的正向作用。制造业出口的增长将继续促进我国文化产品出口贸易的发展和中华文化的对外传播。     

"美国优先"政策下中国传统制造业出口的新困境及应对之策

当前,美国新政府试图以"美国优先"政策使中高端制造业回归美国,其中自然也包括已经在中国投资兴业的美国企业回美国投资.这不仅直接威胁中国的外资引进,更是直接导致传统制造业出口的上行压力的同步增加,以及制造业进出口贸易摩擦和以技术标准为代表的隐形贸易壁垒的加剧.本文基于我国传统制造业出口的发展现状,详细地剖析了"美国优先"政策下,带给我国传统制造出口美国市场的困难和挑战,并对如何加快提升我国传统制造业的国际竞争优势,探讨了正确应对的路径或策略.     

俄罗斯东部地区油气开发前景及中国的对策

近年来,随着俄岁斯国力的回升,俄日益重视东部地区的开发,为此出台了一系列东部地区开发政策,其中油气资源的开发更是被推到前台.2009年11月,俄政府出台<2030年前俄罗斯能源战略>,将在东部地区形成油气综合体作为最重要的战略规划之一.2010年1月20日,俄总理普京批准<2025年前远东和贝加尔地区社会经济发展战略>,确定在经济补贴方面向东部地区倾斜,以油气资源开发为中心带动东部地区发展,将"兴建大规模能源项目"、"对油气进行大规模开采、加工并出口"列为"三步走"的实施计划.这无疑为中俄两国以及毗邻地区合作开发和利用俄东部地区资源提供了新的机遇.     

敢为人先热市转型占高地——南通中远船务进军海洋工程装备制造业纪实

随着世界油气资源赶紧、国际油价高企不下,中国对海洋工程制造业的支持力度也不断加大,促进了中国海洋工程制造业的发展。     

中国出口市场与世界进口市场的匹配性——以制造业为例

在世界经济复苏乏力、中国出口贸易增速放缓的背景下,研究中国出口市场结构与世界进口市场结构之间的匹配性具有重要的理论及现实意义。以制造业为例,在将其细分为劳动密集型、资本密集型及技术密集型的基础上,通过构建斯皮尔曼等级相关系数、收益性结构变动指数、劳伦斯指数等指标体系,对中国出口市场与世界进口市场的匹配程度和变动方向及波动幅度进行了实证研究,并与美国和日本进行比较分析,以期为中国制造业出口市场结构的优化升级提供参考。     

中国光电设备制造业出口增加值及在全球价值链中的地位研究

本文基于WIOD数据库2000—2014年世界投入产出表,运用出口分解框架、全球价值链地位指数和参与度,研究了中国光电设备制造业的出口增加值及其在全球价值链中的地位,并与德国、日本、韩国、美国进行了比较。结果显示:在2000—2014年间,增加值出口占中国光电设备总出口的70%左右,其变动以2001年与2008年为节点呈平缓的"N"形;返回本国的国内增加值占部门总出口的1%~3.3%,在研究期内持续上升;隐含在出口中的国外增加值为20%左右,显著高于其他四国,变化趋势与增加值出口相反;中国光电设备制造业在全球价值链中的地位指数在研究期内均为负值,从2000年的-0.130到2014年的-0.112略有上升,但与美国、日本等国家的差距较大;全球价值链参与度均值为0.305,其中以后向参与为主,与美国、日本相反,说明中国该行业在全球生产中的参与程度较高,但仍处于较为下游的位置。最后,本文为中国光电设备制造业进一步参与全球价值链提供了政策建议。     

TPP背景下世界高端制造业贸易格局演化研究——基于复杂网络的社团分析

本文对TPP背景下中国和美国在亚太地区高端制造业出口情况对比分析,并构建1992-2013年世界高端制造业贸易网络,利用Blondel算法对世界高端制造业贸易网络的社团划分及其演化进行分析。研究表明2009年美国加入TPP以来,美国高端制造业出口占亚太经济体高端制造业进口比重显著提高,中国所占比重有所下降。世界高端制造业贸易网络社团的演化经历了"发达国家主导"、"亚太地区崛起"和"后金融危机"三个阶段,2009年后由原欧非、亚太两个社团分裂为欧非、亚太、TPP三个社团,TPP社团的迅速崛起和美国的强势加入吸引了东亚经济体的纷纷加入,中国却被拒之门外。美国在亚太高端制造业角逐中已抢占先机,中国面临在亚太高端制造业生产网络中被边缘化挑战。     

全球价值链视角下双边真实贸易利益及核算——基于中国对美国出口的实证

全球价值链分工体系下,纠正出口规模与贸易利益的错配非常重要。本文通过构建融合增加值贸易和所有权贸易的双边真实贸易利益核算框架,测度了中国对美国出口中由中国获得的贸易利益。结果表明:中国对美国制造业出口中的属地贸易收益率约为80%,且存在明显的行业差异;美国对华制造业FDI整体呈现市场寻求导向,而计算机、电子和光学设备行业FDI则具有典型的效率寻求型特征;剔除外资企业贡献后,中国对美国各行业出口的真实贸易收益率大幅下降,但就各年份的比较而言,真实贸易收益率却保持稳步提升态势;外资企业对中国对美出口贡献率的下降导致中国对美国出口的属地贸易收益率与真实贸易收益率之间的差异正在收窄。     

壁垒当前,汽车零部件检测更迫切

中国出口势头一向强劲的汽车零部件产品正在遭受挫折,在中美贸易摩擦不断扩大的战场上,此次受波及最深的就是中国出口到美国的汽车零部件。1月31日,美国部分国会议员和美国制造业联盟召开记者招待会,指责中国对汽车零部件产业的补助已经严重影响到美国相关制造业的生存,     

Brunei bids for International tourism

The tiny sultanate of Brunei wishes to become a player in the international tourism industry in advance of the day when revenues from its oil exports decline. Like so many destinations that have yet to be developed, Brunei wishes to base its tourism industry on concepts of “nation equity,” which means improving its perception among would-be travelers, and ecotourism to avoid the environmental degradation that often accompanies tourism development. Brunei thus wishes both to use and preserve the diverse ecosystem represented by its tropical rain forests. By promoting ecotourism Brunei will not only optimize land use and logistics capacity, but it will seek to maintain the rain forest's industrial and pharmacological resources and also reduce its current over-dependence on oil and gas exports.     

俄罗斯能源战略的亚太取向——俄罗斯石油天然气战略的地缘取向

根据俄罗斯推出的国际能源发展战略,俄仍将以能源为杠杆加强其在世界的地位,利用能源因素发展国际合作关系,对能源、经济等问题施加影响。今后俄燃料和能源部门的主要出口战略将倾向于进入亚太地区市场,即开发东西伯利亚和远东地区新油气,拓宽出口渠道,保证石油天然气产品的出口安全。     

The role of oil and gas in China's energy strategy: an overview

China is well endowed with energy resources, having large quantities of coal, oil, gas and hydropower, as well as tremendous solar, wind and biomass energy potential. It even has its own uranium. To date, the country has relied mainly on coal and hydropower to generate its electricity and on oil to power its vehicles. However, with climate change and consequent rising sea levels, increased incidence of drought, intense storms, etc., China, having become the world's largest emitter of CO_2, is under strong international pressure to re-examine its energy strategy and find ways to reduce its carbon emissions. Thus, the government plans to greatly increase its use of natural gas in power generation. Gas emits less than half the CO₂ that coal emits. It is argued here that over the next 20 years, massive imports of gas via pipeline and liquefied natural gas tankers, combined with the development of unconventional gas reserves in the country may partly substitute for the large quantities of coal currently being used to generate electricity, but will not likely completely replace them. As for transport fuels, China, like all other countries, has little choice but to continue relying on oil regardless of whether it is imported or China develops its own large-scale shale oil operations. There is no alternate fuel of the same density available at the same or better price. The use of biofuels and electric/hybrid vehicles will not supplant the use of gasoline or diesel in the near future. Thus, the role of oil and gas in China's energy strategy are set to remain very significant over the next 20 years.     

美国复兴制造业对中国贸易的影响

美国制造业具有增加值规模最大、创新能力最强和世界级大型企业最多的历史特征,但是在发展中经济体的追赶下,其制造业占世界份额趋于下降、失业增加。美国政府把复兴制造业作为重振经济和增加就业的途径。政府致力于发展先进制造业,油气的大量开采和廉价供应刺激了对制造业的投资,一些劳动密集型制造业也迁回本土。美国复兴制造业对我国制造品贸易和制造业发展既有挑战也有机遇。     

From the Editor

This article empirically verifies the export-led growth hypothesis for Bangladesh and examines whether manufacturing exports have become a new engine of the export-led growth in Bangladesh, replacing the total exports-engine, as claimed by the so called de novo hypothesis. The empirical assessment based on the vector error correction modeling (VECM) that uses quarterly data over the period 1974–1999 suggests that both total exports and manufacturing exports have had positive and statistically significant impacts both in the long run and the short run. But an encompassing test in conjunction with the various non-nested tests suggests that total exports, as opposed to manufacturing exports in isolation, is the dominant engine of the export-led growth. This refutes the claim that manufacturing exports has become the sole determinant of the export-led growth in Bangladesh.     

扩大内需与中国制造业出口结构优化:基于“母市场效应”理论的研究

中国过往低价竞争的畸形出口遇到了阻碍,因而应扩大内需,但中国经济的增长还应是内外并举的,内需拉动增长和出口拉动增长并不矛盾,出口拉动经济增长的政策并未过时,中国的就业等压力也不允许出口大幅被替代,我们要的是在内需的扩大中寻找中国制造业出口的新优势,同时优化出口结构,而不是排挤或替代出口。本文利用"母市场效应"理论,通过对中国制造业各部门对外贸易"母市场效应"存在性的检验,从理论上和实证上证明了扩大内需政策会导致中国制造业出口结构优化。     

中国石油战略问题思考和对策分析

目前,中国油气储量、产量有明显的上升,但天然气勘探开发明显滞后于世界其它国家,油气资源消耗中存在五个方面的问题。根据未来油气资源的需求,我国应调整石油消费结构,提高油气资源利用效益;不断提高天然气在我国能源利用的比例;开辟新的油气探区,保障中国海洋石油资源的权益;加强国外油气勘探开发,开展国际石油贸易;加强能源勘探开发、利用相关的立法,建立完善的石油战略储备制度;加强油气新能源的勘探开发和综合利用技术研究,增加油气来源的多元化。     

The impact of the yuan‐dollar exchange rate on Mexican manufacturing exports to the US: A cointegration approach

This paper makes use of three econometric methods and three time intervals to evaluate the long‐term effects of several key variables on Mexican manufacturing exports to the US . The evidence across econometric techniques and sample periods systematically indicates that: (i) a real depreciation of the yuan‐dollar exchange rate reduces Mexican manufacturing exports by lowering the price of Chinese goods in the US market; (ii) a depreciation of the peso‐dollar real exchange rate generates a strong supply‐side effect due to the high import content of Mexican manufacturing exports, which ultimately leads to lower (rather than higher) sales in the US ; and (iii) external demand and labour productivity are positively related to manufacturing exports, whereas real wages are negatively related. Therefore, a falling external demand for Mexican manufacturing products or a real depreciation of the Chinese currency could, to some extent, be offset by increasing labour productivity faster than wages. These findings reflect two fundamental problems of the Mexican economy: (i) low investment in high‐quality formal instruction and proper training programs, which gives rise to severe bottleneck points for faster labour productivity growth and (ii) excessive reliance of the export‐oriented manufacturing industry on foreign suppliers of intermediate inputs.     

What Drives India's Surge in Service Exports?

India's prowess in the service sector has been recognised the world over. Sustaining services exports is important not only to sustain India's high growth rate but also to compensate for a consistent deficit in merchandise trade and to maintain stability on the external sector. In this context, we analyse the factors of India's performance in services exports over the past three decades. The results reveal that endowment factors such as human capital, improvement in physical infrastructure and financial development are key drivers for India's surge in services exports along with world demand, exchange rate and manufacturing exports. While factors such as institutions, R&D expenditure, telecommunication, foreign direct investment and financial development significantly impact the export of modern services, traditional services exports are more dependent on infrastructure development, manufacturing exports, world demand and exchange rate. India's economic reforms in the financial sector, FDI, communication so far have helped the services exports, but India needs to focus on supply‐side factors to improve the competitiveness – and thereby volume – of services exports.     

The gravity model,African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and US trade relations with sub-Saharan Africa

The United States of America enacted the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2000 to grant sub-Saharan African countries (SSA) a preferential treatment in their exports to the USA. With this Act, most of the exports from SSA can now enter the USA duty-free, and this is expected to boost the exporting and manufacturing sectors in SSA. Hopefully, this singular act of assistance from the USA will spur entrepreneurship in SSA, thereby creating jobs and jump starting meaningful economic growth in the region. Since trade is a major catalyst in economic development, AGOA is arguably the most meaningful intervention from a developed country to an under-developed region such as SSA in recent times. Has AGOA had any impact on US trade with SSA? This paper sheds some light on this issue by examining the flow and composition of trade between the USA and AGOA countries. The analysis uses trade data (US imports) for 36 countries over 12 years. Empirical estimations based on the gravity model show that receiving AGOA status has a strong positive and significant impact on overall trade with the US. Interestingly, however, the analysis also shows a disproportionate impact of crude oil imports from the oil-producing countries of Angola, Gabon, and Nigeria, which is clearly not the intent of the Act.