上市银行呆账准备金计提政策的比较与分析

商业银行是一个高风险行业,信贷风险是商业银行经营风险的主要组成部分,为抵御信贷风险,体现审慎的会计原则,必须足额计提贷款呆账准备金,用于补偿银行到期不能收回的贷款。长期以来,我国存在准备金计提不足的现象。随着银行监管制度的不断完善和会计核算制度的改革,这一现象已明显改善,特别是上市银行,其呆账准备金计提政策已逐步规范,但在具体细节上还存在需要进一步完善的地方。本文仅就目前已上市银行的贷款呆账准备金计提政策作一实证分析,揭示存在的差异和不足,以期进一步完善呆账准备金计提政策。     

论我国贷款损失准备监管与会计准则协调

贷款损失准备是商业银行根据贷款损失程度计提的、用于冲抵贷款风险的准备金。本文介绍我国贷款损失准备计提监管和会计政策沿革,分析现行拨备监管政策与会计准则的差异及其影响,并借鉴国际会计准则理事会和西班牙动态拨备机制的协调经验,提出协调我国贷款损失准备监管政策与会计准则的建议。     

未来现金流量折现法与五级分类计提贷款损失准备金的差异——以扬州市某银行6户样本贷款企业为例

未来现金流量折现法是《企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》对有关贷款损失准备金计提方法的新规定,本文试以扬州市某银行6户样本贷款企业为实证,分析该方法与现行五级分类方法在计提贷款损失准备金上的差异,并分析了未来现金流量折现法实际运用过程中存在的问题,提出了进一步完善未来现金流量折现法计提贷款损失准备金的有关政策建议。     

完善我国银行贷款损失准备金制度初探

一、建立贷款损失准备金制度的主要原因(一 )建立贷款损失准备金制度是谨慎会计原则的内在要求。谨慎会计原则是会计核算的一般原则 ,是指对经济活动中的不确定性因素 ,要充分估计到可能发生的风险和损失 ,不预计或少预计可能带来的利润 ,其核心就是要尽可能高估损失而低估利润。银行贷款的风险与损失是客观存在、不可避免的 ,所以谨慎会计原则要求银行必须及时建立贷款损失准备金 ,将信贷资产中预计可能损失的资产予以剔除 ,使银行信贷资产的价值更真实和公正 ,并通过列支准备金支出而使银行的经营成果更准确和客观。由于银行计提准备金是…     

预期损失在贷款定价和准备金计提中的应用差异及影响

随着风险管理水平的提高和风险计量工具的推广,国内商业银行开始使用预期损失这一指标来衡量信用风险的大小,并以此作为贷款定价和准备金计提的主要依据和重要参考。本文从预期损失的原理出发,通过对比其在贷款定价和准备金计提中的应用差异,试图揭示当前银行利润背后可能存在的风险隐患,并向监管部门、商业银行以及社会公众提出相应的应对建议。     

国有商业银行信息披露的诚信思考

一、国有商业银行会计信息及其披露的基本情况 (一)会计信息质量不高 1.呆帐准备金信息质量不高 我国的呆帐准备金属于普通准备金的范畴,计提方法和比例没有考虑到贷款的风险程度和内在损失,银行保持的呆帐准备金水平只与贷款规模大小相关.这种准备金制度,不符合审慎性原则,使得银行呆帐准备金水平明显不足,相对于我国商业银行的真实呆帐量来说,是杯水车薪,根本不足以弥补贷款的内在损失,并造成银行利润虚增、税款垫支和现金流量减少,掩盖了银行的真实经营状况.     

贷款损失准备会计处理与商业银行资本充足监管关系探讨

统一资本比率的监管是防范金融风险和促进银行业公平竞争的主要措施之一。新的《金融企业会计制度》对商业银行的贷款损失准备金制度做出了重大改革。新制度给予商业银行提取贷款损失准备金更大的自主权,对于贷款损失准备金的不同会计和税务处理将会影响到银行的资本充足率的计量,从而影响中央银行对商业银行统一资本比率的监管。本文以模拟的方法来探讨不同处理方案对商业银行资本充足率的影响,为中央银行资本充足比率监管和金融企业会计制度的实施细则的制定提出相应的建议。     

贷款风险分类问题、措施及监管建议

2002年以来，各商业银行全面施行贷款五级分类管理．对于建立现代银行制度，改进贷款分类方法，真实、全面、动态反映贷款质量．加强贷款管理及贷款损失准备金的计提等方面都发挥了积极作用。但在实际执行过程中，还存在不少问题，亟需引起各有关部门重视。     

关于银行贷款损失准备制度的调查报告——以我国五家上市银行为例的分析

本报告总结了我国贷款损失准备制度的历史沿革，分析了五家上市银行贷款损失准备计提情况．并对辖区相关机构进行了调研，发现：(1)五家上市银行贷款损失准备有明确的计提范围，但行际之间计提范围有差异：(2)贷款损失准备计提比例符合监管当局的原则性要求，但各行提取比例有差异；(3)计提损失准备时各行对抵押物金额扣除不同；(4)不良贷款拨备覆盖率呈逐年上升(除深发展)趋势，抗风险能力趋于增强；(5)部分机构逻辑上存在利用贷款损失准备操纵利润的可能；(6)仅仅从贷款损失准备比例看．大多未体现周期特征，在经济周期高点可能相对少计提；(7)调查中发现五级分类目前还存在问题．贷款损失准备计提的基础不牢靠。在此基础上，结合调研掌握的具体情况，本报告认为：(1)银行监管、财政、税务等部门应加强协调．进一步规范贷款损失准备计提制度；(2)进一步完善贷款五级分类制度，夯实损失准备计提的基础；(3)结合我国目前信用环境．需要研究五级分类、贷款损失准备计提这两个环节抵押品、有效担保的处理原则．避免重复考虑、高估价值．使贷款损失准备计提更加审慎；(4)五级分类、特种准备、一般准备、专项准备以及分红政策等方面要充分考虑经济周期或者行业周期波动的影响，以使贷款损失准备的计提更为前瞻、审慎，确保提足损失准备，及时弥补损失，增强资本基础，提高抗风险能力；(5)区别对待，分类监管；(6)重视贷款损失准备、资本充足率监管在货币政策传导方面的作用及其产生的宏观效应．     

银行业前瞻性贷款损失准备金计提方法的研究

在信贷市场信息不完全和历史成本会计法的条件下,银行前瞻性地计提贷款准备金具有必然性.本文从贷款定价的角度分析了银行计提贷款准备金的基本原理,基于对前瞻性的贷款准备金计提方法的理论依据、国际银行业的实施现状及所存在问题的考察,提出了基于马尔可夫链预测思想的前瞻性的贷款准备金的新思路,并分析了其运作机理及可行性.     

Evidence of Forward-Looking Loan Loss Provisioning with Credit Market Information

Our paper makes a fundamental contribution by studying loan loss provisioning over the credit cycle as three distinct phases. Looking at the three distinct phases of the financial crisis – the pre-crisis period, crisis period, and post-crisis period – is important as loan loss provisioning is driven by different factors in each, in part due to extensive shifts in (or in the application of) regulatory rule. Controlling for credit market information using data from the Senior Loan Officer Opinion Surveys (SLOOS) we extend the work of previous studies of forward-looking loan loss provisions using the delayed expected loss recognition approach. We contribute to the growing literature on forward-looking loan loss provisioning and early in the cycle loss recognition by incorporating a broader range of available credit information and explicitly controlling for structural breaks in the sample corresponding to the financial crisis.     

Countercyclical prudential buffers and bank risk-taking

We investigate the effects of countercyclical prudential buffers on bank risk-taking. We exploit the introduction of dynamic loan loss provisioning in Spain, mandating that banks use historical average loss rates in their estimation of loan loss provisions. We find that dynamic loan loss provisioning is associated with reductions in timely loan loss provisioning. Banks that previously recognized loan losses in a timely fashion exhibit the greatest reductions in timeliness and consequently extend loans to riskier borrowers with lower accounting quality. Our results have policy implications for the debate on the use of financial reporting requirements in mitigating capital pro-cyclicality.     

Do delays in expected loss recognition affect banks' willingness to lend?

Banks can decrease their future capital inadequacy concerns by reducing lending. The capital crunch theory predicts that lending is particularly sensitive to regulatory capital constraints during recessions, when regulatory capital declines and external-financing frictions increase. Regulators and policy makers argue that the current loan loss provisioning rules magnify this pro-cyclicality. Exploiting variation in the delay in expected loss recognition under the current incurred loss model, we find that reductions in lending during recessionary relative to expansionary periods are lower for banks that delay less. We also find that smaller delays reduce the recessionary capital crunch effect. These results hold across management quality partitions.     

The procyclicality of loan loss provisions in Islamic banks

From a sample of Islamic banks around the world from 1997 to 2012, this paper examines whether loan loss provisioning in Islamic banks is procyclical. Our empirical findings highlight that loan loss provisioning in Islamic banks remains procyclical, although the ‘expected’ loan loss model (E-LLM) has been implemented for Islamic banks in several countries. A closer investigation further documents that Islamic banks also use loan loss provisions for discretionary managerial actions, especially related to capital management in which loan loss reserves and provisions are inflated when bank capitalization declines. Eventually, this paper highlights that higher capitalization can mitigate the procyclicality of loan loss provisions in Islamic banks. In other words, loan loss provisioning becomes countercyclical for Islamic banks with higher capitalization. This paper therefore casts doubts on the adoption of the E-LLM for Islamic banks to promote countercyclical effects, because the E-LLM may be influenced by managerial discretion, including opportunistic capital management using loan loss provisions that may undermine the importance of maintaining bank capitalization.     

货币政策与银行风险承担

文章基于2013-2017年24家银行的微观数据,实证检验了货币政策银行风险承担渠 道的存在性与贷款损失准备金的调节作用,以及银行异质性特征对商业银行风险承担的异质 性影响。实证结果表明：（1）数量型和价格型货币政策风险承担效应存在,而结构型货币政策 风险承担效应不存在。（2）银行的贷款损失准备可以削弱货币政策对银行风险承担的影响。 因此,本文给出了央行应将银行风险承担状况纳入货币政策目标、实施不同的货币政策组合以 降低风险、监管当局应将贷款损失准备金率指标纳入监管框架的政策建议。     

新会计准则对商业银行贷款损失准备的影响

与国际接轨的新会计准则的实施,给我国商业银行的贷款损失准备及其监管带来了很大影响。新会计准则对银行贷款损失准备监管的主要影响有:(1)新会计准则关于贷款损失准备的规定与监管审慎性要求相矛盾;(2)新会计准则规定的贷款损失准备计提方法与监管要求的贷款损失准备计提方法有分歧。新会计准则对商业银行的贷款损失准备的影响主要有:(1)降低了商业银行利用贷款损失准备操纵利润的可能性;(2)使得贷款损失准备具有更大的波动性;(3)引入时间价值,可能导致准备水平的提高;(4)可能导致利息收入和减值准备同步增加,并将影响各会计期间的利润发生一定程度的变化。本文对以上影响进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

《新资本协议》对商业银行信贷运行的影响——兼论其宏观经济效应

《新资本协议》的出台和实施是银行监管历史上一个具有里程碑意义的事件。本文认为,《新资本协议》特别是内部评级法极大地提高了资本监管的风险敏感度,将对商业银行的信贷增长方式、信贷结构调整和贷款损失准备计提、以及宏观经济运行产生一定的影响。按照目前我国商业银行资本充足水平和资产质量,无论是实施标准法还是内部评级法都将强化信贷扩张的资本约束效应。我国应慎重选择《新资本协议》的实施时机,避免由此对信贷供给和宏观经济运行造成的负面冲击。     

Bank loan-loss provisions and the income-smoothing hypothesis: An empirical analysis, 1976–1984

This article tests an income-smoothing hypothesis for a sample of 106 large bank holding companies for the period 1976 to 1984. Our focus is on the behavior of the provision for loan losses as a function of bank income and alternative measures of business conditions likely to affect loan portfolio risk-taking or quality. Using an econometric model with pooled time-series, cross-sectional data, we find evidence of income-smoothing behavior over our test period. Our dummy-variable models indicate that regional banking companies tend to engage in income smoothing more than money-center banks. Alternative motivations for income-smoothing behavior, which include bank regulatory policy, risk management, agency theory, and compensation policy, are explored and their policy implications considered.     

Book Reviews

Following the financial and banking crisis of the late 2000s, accounting regulators sought to replace the incurred-loss method of loan-loss provisioning by a more forward-looking expected-loss method. Difficulties arose, including with respect to the weight that expected-loss provisioning should place on objective evidence of loss relative to evidence of a less specific and more judgemental nature. This paper provides evidence relevant to this issue by examining whether loan-loss provisioning by UK banks was less timely under the stricter evidence requirements of the IAS 39 incurred-loss regime implemented in 2005 than under the less strict evidence requirements of the previous UK incurred-loss regime. It does so by reference to the relationship in time between loan write-offs and loan-loss expense. The results do not suggest that provisioning became less timely under the stricter evidence requirements of IAS 39. There is no evidence that provisioning became less timely immediately prior to the crisis of the late 2000s. Also, there is no evidence that general provisioning, permitted under the pre-IAS 39 regime, enhanced the timeliness of loan-loss provisioning. The results do not suggest that stricter requirements regarding the evidence necessary to support recognition of loan losses have resulted in less timely loan-loss provisioning.     

预期信用损失模型对银行资本计提的结构性影响研究——基于50家上市商业银行的实证分析

预期信用损失模型是一项新的贷款损失准备计提方法,对其经济后果的评估非常重要.关于预期信用损失模型的实施对我国商业银行资本计提的具体影响,目前还缺乏深入系统的研究.本文结合我国50家上市商业银行的公开数据,从监管资本、会计损益和资本计提前瞻性的角度分析了预期信用损失模型对我国商业银行资本计提的影响.研究结果表明:总体影响上,商业银行的贷款损失准备计提金额显著增加,利润波动增强,对资本充足率带来一定冲击;从不同特征商业银行看,小型商业银行、使用权重法商业银行、城市商业银行和H股上市商业银行受到的影响更为严重;从资本计提的前瞻性看,贷款损失准备的前瞻性得到加强,顺周期性效应得到一定程度缓解,但并不能完全消除.