Wages and prices in England in the later Middle Ages

Abstract

In recent years the economic development of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been the subject of much attention in international historical research. The results of local and of national studies are now for the first time being discussed within their European framework.¹     

The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War

This paper traces the history of prices and wages in European cities from the fourteenth century to the First World War. It is shown that the divergence in real incomes observed in the mid-nineteenth century was produced between 1500 and 1750 as incomes fell in most European cities but were maintained (not increased) in the economic leaders.     

高中英语口语教学的地位和现状

英语口语教学在英语课堂教学中的地位日益突出,但由于种种因素的制约,高中英语口语教学的现状不尽如人意。口语教学中教师和学生的思想认识及教师的素质亟待提高,英语口语教学的改进将有助于学生综合能力的提高。     

The Use of Body Language in English Teaching of Middle Schools

With the continual reform of language teaching and learning methods, teachers are in great demand to organize the classes in English and create English-learning circumstances. However, with the limitation of students＂ vocabulary, teachers have to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions and body movements. In this article, the possibility and the effect of using body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing will be further discussed.     

Patterns of morbidity in late medieval England: a sample from Westminster Abbey

A comparison between secular hospitals and monastic infirmaries introduces a discussion of the duration and seasonality of the illnesses of the monks of Westminster in two periods: 1297/8 to 1354/5 and 1381/2 to 1416/17. A change in the duration of illnesses is related to change in the conventions of treatment after the Black Death of 1348/9. The resemblance between the seasonal pattern of morbidity in this sample and that of mortality among male adults in the early modern period is discussed. It is suggested that the latter pattern may extend into the late middle ages.