Does the Mortality Decline Promote Economic Growth?

This paper analyzes qualitatively and quantitatively the effects of declining mortality rates on fertility, education and economic growth. The analysis demonstrates that if individuals are prudent in the face of uncertainty about child survival, a decline in an exogenous mortality rate reduces precautionary demand for children and increases parental investment in each child. Once mortality is endogenized, population growth becomes a hump-shaped function of income per capita. At low levels of income population growth rises as income per capita rises leading to a Malthusian steady-state equilibrium, whereas at high levels of income population growth declines leading to a sustained growth steady-state equilibrium.     

人口转变、人口政策影响经济增长的可持续性研究——基于中西方经验认识基础上的理论分析框架

人口转变、人口政策影响经济增长的可持续性研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。本文介绍了相关理论研究成果,提出了研究的基本思路,确立了核心研究范畴、研究方法和研究的主体内容,并针对西部经济社会发展条件的差异,指出了人口转变、人口政策影响经济增长可持续性的区域性研究应把握的重点和难点。     

西部地区人口迁移与经济增长关系的演进分析

笔者首先对改革开放以来西部地区人口迁移的规律和特征做出分析和判断,在此基础上运用内生人口迁移经济增长模型,实际测算了近十几年来西部各省区省际人口迁移对经济增长的影响强度。结果显示,各省区的人均产出与人口净迁移率之间存在较高的正相关性,但人口迁移对经济影响的强度有所差别,从整体来看,西南地区净迁移人口的作用更大一些。此外,没有任何迹象表明省际人口迁移伴随有地区间经济发展水平的收敛(趋同),相反,正是因为地区间经济发展水平的不断扩大,才会形成以四川、新疆、陕西等为流入中心的省际迁移人口聚集地。     

Population Density,Pollution and Growth

We analyze a growth model where the damage of pollution depends on population density and the character of pollution. From the steady state rates of change, in the social optimum, of a neoclassical and a semi-endogenous growth model respectively, we conclude that the less responsive the damage of pollution is to population density, the more likely is a development path with positive growth in consumption per capita and declining perceived pollution per capita. Non-awareness of the character of pollution may thus give suboptimal solutions. In particular, the commonly held view that pollution is a pure public bad may lead to growth-rate targets that are lower than optimal. Finally, we find that the character of pollution does not influence the transitional dynamics qualitatively.     

Industry and the Family: Two Engines of Growth

We generalize the class of endogenous growth models in which the scale of the economy has level rather than growth effects, and study the implications of different demographic and technological factors when both fertility choice and research effort are endogenous. The model incorporates two dimensions of technological progress: vertical (quality of goods) and horizontal (variety of goods). Both dimensions contribute to productivity growth but are driven by different processes and hence respond differently to changes in fundamentals. Specifically, while unbounded vertical progress is feasible, the scale of the economy limits the variety of goods. Incorporating a linearity in reproduction generates steady-state population growth and variety expansion. We thus have two engines of growth generating dynamics that we compare with observed changes in demographics, market structure, and patterns of growth. Numerical solutions yield the important insight that, while endogenous, fertility responds very little to industrial policies. Demographic shocks, in contrast, have substantial effects on growth.     

黄冈市人口增长对经济发展影响的研究

通过近年来黄冈市人口增长与经济发展的现状分析,运用主成分分析法和多元线性回归分析法,建立了黄冈市人口增长对经济发展影响的回归模型,结合实证分析的结果,揭示黄冈市人口增长对其经济发展的影响,为有关经济政策的制定和解决人口问题提供参考。     

Technological Change and Population Growth

What is the relationship between the rate of population growth and the rate of technological change? To answer this question, I discuss a model where increasing returns generate long-run growth but where the scale effect is absent. More precisely, the model predicts that steady-state productivity growth does not depend on population size because an increase in population size leads to entry. The resulting crowding-in effect generates dispersion of R&;D resources across firms and offsets the positive effect of the scale of the economy on the returns to R&;D. Changes in population size have only transitory effects on productivity growth. This desirable property allows me to introduce population growth in the model and study the effects of demographic shocks. The predicted patterns of growth, entry, and change in industrial structure match the experience of several industrialized countries. In addition, they match several of the empirical observations cited as evidence against standard models of endogenous technological change.     

经济增长的变化本质

在过去的一个世纪中,富裕国家的经济本质已经发生了巨大的变化。因此,文章提出“技术生理演变(technophysio evolution)”概念,即快速技术变化和人类生理进步的协同作用。这主要表现在以下三个方面：(1)消费结构和工作体闲时间分配的改变;(2)经济和家庭产出分配方面受高水平经济成就的影响;(3)全球市场迅速急剧转向耐用消费品和高科技服务。     

中国未来不同生育水平下的经济增长后果比较研究

对中国未来90年不同生育水平下的经济增长后果进行了人口-经济动态模拟。在生育水平过低导致劳动力减少过快、人口老龄化过重、劳动负担加重的情况下,将使经济增长大大放缓;而较高的生育水平下,虽然经济增长速度略快,但是人均GDP增长速度慢于中方案生育水平下的经济增长,并且人均GDP水平也具有较大差异。完善当前生育政策,使生育水平稳定在1.9-2.0之间,如此人口在本世纪缓慢地减少也将有利于我国的经济增长和人均生活水平的提高。同时,在低生育水平下,依靠劳动增加和资本积累的粗放型经济增长将不复存在,经济发展方式转变是必然选择,技术创新、技术进步将是未来经济增长首要源泉。     

Population Growth and Economic and Social Development

The author compares maximum likelihood estimates of multinomial logit coefficients with coefficients of the same variables of student evaluations of teaching estimated in an ordinary least-squares regression. His results suggest that the logit model is preferable.     

Climate and Scale in Economic Growth

This paper introduces new data on climatic conditions to empirical tests of growth theories. We find that, since 1960, temperate countries have converged towards high levels of income while tropical nations have converged towards various income levels associated with economic scale and the extent of the market. These results hold for a wide range of tests. A plausible explanation is that temperate regions' growth was assisted by their climate, perhaps historically for their transition out of agriculture into sectors whose productivity converges across countries, while tropical countries' growth is relatively more dependent on gains from specialization and trade.     

经济发展与人口变化的互动关系

控制人口实行计划生育是我国一项基本国策。如何更有效地控制人口的增长 ?本文就经济发展对人口再生产所引发的一系列变化 ,论述其内在的必然联系 ,并针对在现阶段所存在的人口问题提出相应的解决措施。     

Endogenous Fertility, Income Distribution, and Growth

This article analyzes the interaction between growth and fertility via income distribution in a model in which fertility decisions are motivated by old-age support. It provides an explanation of the demographic transition of an economy from a stage of increasing fertility and low growth to a stage of low fertility, high human capital investments, and high growth.     

Economic Growth and Political Regimes

The absence of continuous regime type measures that focus on institutions rather than outcomes besets studies on whether democratic or authoritarian regimes grow faster. Additional shortcomings include the failure to consider development stages and the erroneous endogenous specification of regimes. Given panel data on 105 countries from 1960 to 1989, the effective party/constitutional framework measure does not correlate with growth or investment in the total sample. But considering development levels, some evidence indicates that discretion decreases growth in advanced areas, and, contrary to theory, inhibits investment in poorer countries. Also, single-party dictatorships have higher investment ratios but do not grow faster than party-less regimes.     

中国经济增长与就业增长的非一致性分析

改革开放以来,中国国民经济增速较快,但在GDP保持高速增长的同时,就业率并没有保持相应的同步增长.导致这一问题出现的原因是多方面的,其中最重要的原因是地方政府对经济增长的过分偏好和对就业问题的相对忽视.要解决这一问题,就要从中国国情出发,充分发挥政府部门作用,以实现经济与就业的同步增长.     

CES Production Functions and Economic Growth

We examine inconsistencies and controversies related to the use of CES production functions in growth models. First, we show that not all variants of CES functions commonly used are consistently specified. Second, using a simple growth model, we find that a higher elasticity of substitution leads to a higher steady state and makes the emergence of permanent growth more probable. It is also pointed out that the effect of a higher elasticity of substitution on the speed of convergence depends on the relative scarcity of the factors of production. Finally, we discuss possible explanations of variations in the elasticity of substitution.
JEL classification: O 41; O 11     

经济人口重心的动态转移与区域经济发展

改革开放以来到20世纪90年代初,我国经济重心的主要变动方向由北向南,区域经济差距的矛盾主要体现为南北矛盾.90年代中期以后,南北差距逐渐缩小,而东西差距有所扩大,区域经济差距的矛盾由南北转向东西,人口重心主要在南北方向上不均衡.由于地区经济发展水平的差异是导致人口迁移的主要因素,人口重心滞后于经济重心的变化,人口迁移的流向是影响人口重心迁移的重要因素.有计划地促进沿海和内陆地区间较均衡的经济发展,将有利于实现人口迁移与经济的协调发展.     

非线性增长与经济增长动力转换

采用时变马尔科夫区制转换模型,分析了不同投入要素在不同经济增长阶段对经济增长贡献的差异,以及影响经济在不同区制之间跃迁的关键因素。研究发现:在三类经济增速区间内,人力资本投入对经济增长的拉动效应最强,在推动经济从中速增长向高速增长转移的过程中发挥重要作用;帮助经济跨越"中等收入陷阱"的关键在于提高物质资本和人力资本投资的匹配度,使物质资本和人力资本的流动与产业集聚和城市化发展一致、与技术创新能力提升配合;渐进式转型有利于平滑增长路径,降低向高收入均衡收敛的临界值。     

Population and economic growth: a simultaneous equation perspective

This article examines the relationship between Population Growth (PG) and Economic Growth (EG) in the framework of simultaneous structural equation models. Based on Lewbel (2012), the structural parameters can be estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Identification requires a heteroscedastic covariance restriction that appears in some models of endogeneity, measurement errors and panel data. This study obtains several findings. First, the current and lagged variables of PG negatively and positively affect EG in the short run. Second, PG does not significantly influence EG in the long run. Third, the reverse relations running from EG to PG are weak in both the short and long run, regardless of economic development conditions.     

二元经济理论与人口流动问题分析

二元经济理论框架下的核心问题是劳动力在两个部门之间的流动。刘易斯模型在分析剩余劳动力的存在、两部门交易条件的变化、输入地有效就业和传统部门在经济增长中的作用等问题时具有高度科学性和实用性。用区域生产总值（GRP）的概念,以向量内积的形式建立简单模型求证人口转移数量。实证揭示了人口流动的主方向是人均GRP较低的区域向较高区域的移动,但也存在反向移动。