成本收益视角下中国设施蔬菜生产效率研究以黄瓜、番茄栽培为例

目的 文章以番茄与黄瓜为例，以设施、露地蔬菜栽培宏微观数据为支撑，以纬度和降雨为划分区域依据，从成本收益及效率评价视角出发，回答中国设施农业发展方向的问题。方法 运用比较分析以及SFA-Malmquist方法，测算与拆解全要素生产率指标。结果 （1）从中国设施现状来看：中国设施蔬菜具“高产量、高收益、高价格”的“三高”优势和“收益率优势不显著、劳动生产率低”的“双重”劣势；中国设施蔬菜产业仍属“劳动密集型”产业；设施蔬菜经济投入相对较高，影响设施蔬菜的竞争力水平。（2）从设施栽培全要素生产率来看：中国设施农业全要素生产率稳定增长，但生产效率徘徊不前，栽培品种间、区域间全要素生产率增长的主要驱动因素不同。（3）对比设施和露地效率：全要素生产率的变动基本一致；生产效率表现为“设施>露地”，露地栽培种间效率差异大；技术进步增长表现为“设施<露地”，区域特征显著。结论 中国设施蔬菜全要素生产率稳定递增，属于“技术进步诱导+技术效率推动”的增长模式。     

设施蔬菜生产技术效率变化特征及其收敛性分析——以设施番茄为例

研究设施蔬菜生产技术效率既能有助于挖掘设施蔬菜生产潜力,又有益于稳定设施蔬菜的市场供给。本文以设施番茄为例,基于全国东中西部15个大中城市2007~2012年的面板数据,运用随机前沿的方法测算了设施番茄的生产技术效率,分析了设施番茄生产技术效率的变化趋势及其影响因素,并对全国和各区域设施番茄的生产技术效率进行了收敛性分析,研究发现:2007~2012年全国设施番茄的平均生产技术效率为81.1%,技术效率整体上呈现波动上升的趋势。技术效率影响因素研究指出,提高当地财政支农比例和农民受教育程度能够提高生产技术效率,不同区域设施番茄生产效率存在着显著差异。收敛性分析可得全国和东中西部设施番茄生产技术效率均存在收敛、绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,各区域之间的设施番茄生产技术效率差距会逐步缩小,也将逐渐趋于稳态。     

设施番茄化肥农药综合效益与产业效率研究

［目的］通过分析中国设施番茄生产中肥料、农药投入状况与产量效益的关系,研究设施蔬菜（以设施番茄生产为例）肥料农药施用的综合效益及主要生产要素效率,评估设施蔬菜减肥减药的经济效益,为科学开展“双减”工作提供理论依据。［方法］对设施蔬菜生产的减肥减药效果进行经济评估,现有文献中还没有成熟的方法和指标。文章采用《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》中的数据作为研究的基础,以全国21个省（市、区）设施番茄生产为评价单元; 构建了基于SFA的设施蔬菜要素贡献率计量经济模型,分析了化肥、农药的技术效率; 提出以“双减产量系数”“双减经济系数”为指标,评估设施蔬菜化肥农药“双减”经济效益; 同时,结合设施番茄生产的经济效益,研究了产业各要素综合变化规律; ［结果］十二五期间（2011—2015年）,中国各省（市、区）之间肥料农药用量差别很大（2015年化肥用量最大相差49倍,农药用量最大相差39倍）。化肥用量呈下降态势,农药使用量呈微增长态势。2015年设施番茄生产的单元技术效率达到很高水平（平均9290%）; 化肥、农药投入技术效率下降,农家肥投入技术效率提高。［结论］决策者要分类设定“双减”任务指标,对于山东、内蒙、辽宁、浙江、宁夏等地区,其化肥投入水平很高、化肥技术效率较低,减肥的潜力大,应该加大推进减肥提效的工作力度。对农药技术效率的分析,也同样能够得出相似的结论。生产者应根据不同省市各要素投入效率,合理调配要素投入结构;肥料农药的供应商应根据决策者、生产者的目标调整和要素效率,适时调整资源配置的市场规模和方向。     

基于DEA的河北省苹果产业生产效率的实证研究

本文采用数据包络分析法(DEA),利用2005—2008年苹果生产成本和收益数据,对河北省苹果生产效率与全国苹果生产效率进行了对比分析。结果表明,研究期间内,河北省苹果生产的全要素生产率变化主要源于技术进步的作用,而全国苹果生产的全要素生产率变化来源于综合技术效率和技术进步的共同作用;河北省苹果生产的全要素生产率、综合技术效率和技术进步呈波动的增长趋势,但比全国平均水平稳定;河北省苹果生产的综合技术效率变化来源于规模效率的作用,而全国苹果生产的综合技术效率变化来源于规模效率和纯技术效率的共同作用。     

中国小麦主产区生产效率时空演变特征分析

[目的]基于2006—2015年我国15个小麦主产省(区)小麦生产投入产出数据,对小麦主产区生产效率时空演变特征进行分析。[方法]利用数据包络分析(DEA)、Malmquist指数模型以及探索性空间分析(ESDA)对我国小麦生产效率演变的时空异质性进行研究。[结果](1)在时间异质性方面,2006-2015年我国小麦主产区小麦生产的综合技术效率均值为0. 928,纯技术效率均值为0. 943,规模效率均值为0. 984,均未达到有效水平,主产区小麦全要素生产率变化指数介于0. 920和0. 977之间,全要素生产率的增长受到了技术进步更大的制约。(2)在空间异质性方面,不同省(区)在纯技术效率存在较为明显的空间异质性,而在规模效率方面则较为接近。在全要素生产率方面,超过半数的研究省(区)小麦全要素生产率呈现负增长的趋势。(3)在生产效率的空间相关性方面,我国小麦主产区的小麦生产效率整体上呈现出较为显著的空间集聚效应,相较于其他地区而言,黄淮海小麦优势区存在较为显著且稳定的空间正相关关系。[结论]因地制宜地发挥区域生产禀赋优势、提高小麦主产区技术的有效投入,是提高小麦生产效率的关键,同时,通过资源合理配置实现小麦生产的空间布局优化,是整体提升我国小麦生产效率、维护粮食市场稳定的关键。     

四川省农户农业生产全要素生产率增长分解——基于2005～2007年的面板数据分析

本文采用随机前沿生产函数分析方法,利用四川省农户农业生产的微观数据,研究了2005～2007年农户农业生产全要素生产率增长分解,将全要素生产率增长分解为:技术进步、技术效率的变化、规模经济性和资源配置效率4个部分.结果表明:2005～2007年四川省农户农业生产全要素生产率增长率平均为8.51%,对全要素生产率增长的影响主要是技术进步、资源配置效率和规模效率,技术进步是主要的推动力量,平均占103.06%,规模效率占19.23%,技术效率的变化呈缓慢下降趋势,平均占5.41%,资源配置的影响为负,平均占16.88%.因此认为,要提高农户农业生产技术效率水平,需要进一步推广农业新品种和新技术,调整资源配置结构.     

我国水产养殖业技术效率和全要素生产率研究

本文采用2006—2012年我国29个省份水产养殖业相关投入产出数据,运用数据包络分析结合Malmquist指数,对我国水产养殖业综合技术效率和全要素生产率及其分解的技术进步、技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率进行测算。结果表明,我国水产养殖业综合技术效率不高,纯技术效率和规模效率都相对偏低;全国水产养殖业全要素生产率增长有所下降,其中,由技术创新所决定的技术进步呈现下降趋势,规模效率得到一定改进,由技术推广所决定的纯技术效率有所下降;全国有近2/3省份的全要素生产率呈上升趋势,1/3省份全要素生产率呈下降趋势,其中,全要素生产率提高主要归因于技术进步和技术效率的共同改进,全要素生产率下降主要是由技术退步引起。结合研究结论提出,应加大对我国水产养殖科技的投入力度,加强水产技术推广体系建设,创新渔业经营机制等相关政策建议。     

基于碳足迹的设施蔬菜生产环境效率及其分解

[目的]将碳排放纳入生产效率框架来评价设施蔬菜生产效率与资源环境之间的协调关系,对于蔬菜生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。[方法]从碳足迹视角对设施蔬菜生产的环境效率进行评价分析。基于2011—2016年21个设施蔬菜生产省(区)的面板数据,采用SBM模型和Malmquist生产率指数,对主产区蔬菜生产环境效率进行测算和分解。在此基础上,构建环境效率—生产率矩阵对地区低碳化发展潜力进行了评价。[结果]不同蔬菜主产区环境效率存在差异,整体呈现为先升后降的倒U型变动趋势;设施蔬菜生产环境效率损失主要来源于种子、机械排灌等投入冗余以及碳排放过量;蔬菜生产中,技术"退步"是导致环境全要素生产率下降的主要原因,技术效率的提高促进了环境全要素生产率的增长,但未能抵消因技术进步"恶化"所带来的负效应。[结论]第一、二主产区设施蔬菜低碳化转型速度减缓,其他产区低碳化发展处于低迷状态,因此注重低碳生产技术的创新,加强技术推广,发挥技术进步和技术效率提升的协同效应,对加快建设资源节约和环境友好型农业至关重要。     

碳排放约束下中国农业能源效率及其全要素生产率研究

本文基于方向性距离函数和DEA方法,测算了中国31个省市2000~2011年农业能源效率,分析比较了碳排放约束下全国整体、五大区域及31个省份农业能源效率和节能潜力,并对农业全要素生产率进行分解和收敛性检验。研究表明:碳排放强度相对较低的地区能源效率普遍高于其他地区;全国及五大区域能源效率动态演进趋势由相对集中到逐渐扩散,且增长不明显;考虑碳排放约束下农业全要素生产率和技术进步效率都得到明显提高;五大区域农业全要素生产率存在显著的绝对收敛和条件收敛,全国整体上各地区间差距在逐渐缩小,最终将会稳定在同一水平。文章作者提出制定差别化的农业能源消费结构,提高能源利用效率等措施,有利于缩小各地区间农业全要素生产率差距,并改善各地区间的收敛水平。     

引发技术对不同温度下番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

近年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,人民的生活水平也在不断提高,对各种蔬菜的需求量也在不断增加。番茄作为一种具有较高营养价值的蔬菜,在近些年的蔬菜市场受到了人们的欢迎,但在种植番茄的过程中由于受到各种因素的影响,番茄种子的萌发和幼苗生长均会受到限制。本文就引发技术对不同温度下番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长产生的影响进行分析。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

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