试论国有商业银行产权的改革

国有银行产权改革是一个颇为复杂的问题，本文从五个方面进行了简要阐述：1.市场经济对产权概念的阐述；2.国有商业银行的产权现状；3.制约国有商业银行产权改革的问题；4.对国有商业银行产权改革的建议；5.商业银行产权完全市场化后可能会出现的问题。     

我国银行业改革的侧重点选择和具体实施步骤

中国银行业需要通过进一步的改革解决目前存在的问题，但改革侧重点应放在银行产权方面还是银行业的市场方面则值得认真加以研究。本文通过从银行业效率的提高、不良资产问题的解决、银行业制度变迁的绩效等三个方面的分析，提出了在现阶段产权改革应优先于市场改革的结论。作者还具体设计了国有银行产权改革的三个步骤：第一步，通过结构重组，分立出公司制的优质子银行；第二步，对银行进行股份化改造，引入有实力的民营经济主体和境外战略投资者，构造多元化的产权结构，改善国有银行治理结构；第三步，推动商业银行上市，对商业银行实行民营化，最终实现国有股的退出。     

试论产权

“产权”一词是我国当今经济生活中极为流行的一个经济学概念。究竟什么是产权，中国的产权说与西方的产权说有什么异同，当今我们应该怎样理解产权的涵义及其理论，对于实行现代企业制度有着重要的意义。本文想谈点粗浅看法，供参考。一、产权的经济实质从权能的角度讲“产权”，是一种动态的权利规范。“产权”与“经济”紧密相关，只要有了财产的“个体所有权”，也就是存在着“产权”的因素。一个牧民自养了一群羊，从法律上牧民拥有这群羊的财产所有权（即自物权）；一个农夫拥有一块自耕自作的土地，从法律上农夫拥有这块地的所有权（…     

农村信用社机制再造中的问题和适法选择

农村信用社改革的核心就是“机制”再造的问题，包括三个方面的内容：一是明晰产权关系，完善法人治理结构，解决“农村信用社是谁”的问题；二是转换内部经营机制，以强化内部约束，实现科学决策，解决“谁来管理的问题”；三是理顺外部管理体制。     

用抵押贷款实现已售公房的完整产权

已售公房因购买价格的没而有三种产权，职工以市场价购买的公房扔有完全产权，而以成本价和标准价购买的则只有部分产权，这类已购公房职工，单位，国家共有产权，或者说职工，单位，国家都只有部分产权，将职工没有支付价款部分产权量化，以抵押货款实现已售公房的完整产权。     

产权理论的比较分析

1937年《企业的性质》和1960年《社会成本问题》的发表使得产权理论逐渐引起了人们的关注。本文从“产权”一词的由来说起，分别简要介绍了马克思产权理论和西方产权理论，最后时现阶段我国研究产权理论的现实意义进行了分析。     

中国上市公司股权结构的关系特征

近年来上市公司频频爆发诸如披露虚假信息、大股东挪用上市公司资金、投资决策频频失误、侵犯中小股东的利益等一系列问题，很多学者将其原因归为国有股的“一股独大”、“产权界定不清”或者“所有者缺位”。然而，迄今为止，对以上几点我们还无法得到理论上的满意解释，相关实证研究也没有得出一致性结论。笔者认为，“一股独大”、“产权界定不清”及“所有者缺位”实际上是个似是而非的问题，其本身也并非是产生公司治理问题的恶源。     

论产权代表监督的意义和主要内容

产权代表是产权所有者的代表，承担着维护出资者权益的职责。在企业中，出资者的权益是通过产权代表行使其职权来实现的。在国有企业实行公司制改造后，出资者——国家将财产控制权交给了公司法人，亦即产权代表，出资者只是在股东会上或通过资产管理部门行使重大决策的最终决策权，财产控制权则掌握在产权代表或代理人手中。因此，对产权代表实行有效的监督，成了出资者——国家进行产权管理，保障所有权权益的重要环节。     

转型时期国有商业银行的产权改革与金融控制

当前国有银行产权改革的渐进性与入世以后对产权改革要取得较快进展的迫切性形成矛盾，但现行的制度缺陷、国有银行运作缺陷以及政府金融控制边界的不确定性都使得国有银行产权改革的理论研究和实际操作稗碉难行，使得国有银行对体制嬗变过程中产权改革所应依循的具体轨道产生了操作上的困惑。本文在研究国有银行产权改革与政府金融控制的基础上，提出了转型时期国有商业银行产权改革的有效路径，即第一步，实行国有独资公司形式；第二步，国有独资公司形式转变为实行纵向产权结构的有限责任公司制；第三步，将纵向产权结构的有限责任公司制转为实行横向产权结构的股份有限公司制。     

从产权角度对企业财务管理目标的思考

财务管理目标基于企业理论．而企业理论的核心是产权问题。只有在产权基础上明晰所有权结构及其影响，才能对财务管理目标作出理性的选择。现代企业理论中，在所有权结构影响企业效率的关系中有两个主要的学术派别：一是目前仍占主体地位的新古典产权学派，他们主张企业的剩余索取权和剩余控制权应由出资者单方面享有；二是近年来发展比较迅速的利益相关者学派。他们站在新古典产权学派的对立面．反对“出资者至上主义”的观点，     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

Separation of Unit of Account from Medium of Exchange

The separation of a unit of account (UoA) from a medium of exchange (MoE) in the commodity–money system is investigated by considering explicitly a seller's choice of UoA in terms of either an MoE or a unit of metal weight. If the likelihood of debasement of an MoE and its rate are high enough, the price is posted in terms of a unit of metal weight rather than an MoE. Interestingly, this MoE–UoA separated equilibrium yields the flexible nominal price, whereas an MoE–UoA integrated equilibrium yields the sticky one. This implies the nominal price rigidity in the fiat‐money system where MoE and UoA are integrated.     

银行软件项目外包管理分析

一、引言随着国民经济的不断发展,银行业务与外部企业的联系越来越密切。银行正逐步成为现代经济活动的中心,作为数据处理核心的银行业务应用也越来越大型化、越来越复杂化,因此许多银行也把软件项目逐步由原来的自主开发转变为与公司合作的方式,或直接外包开发的方式,银行本身的技术人员也逐步由开发转向项目管理。二、项目外包的分类银行项目的外包有以下几种情况:①部分子系统外包,有时由于银行的软件项目太大,单靠银行自身的开发力量基本无法在预定的时间内完成项目,只好把相对独立的部分外包;②直接购买软件公司的成熟产品,有些金融软…     

银行管理信息平台建设发展的思考

一、目前国内银行IT发展现状及面临的问题 银行数据集中工作的完成,标志着银行的业务由电子化建设阶段转入信息化建设阶段.一方面银行数据的集中提供了丰富全面的基础数据,面对日益庞大的数据源,如何将数字转化为对银行有用的信息,并从中发现知识,为银行的经营决策提供支持,是摆在银行IT人员面前的一个亟待解决的问题.另一方面用户对银行信息的需求日益增长,如果银行没有一套完整、实用的信息管理系统,将对业务发展非常不利.南京爱立信公司倒戈花旗银行事件曾经轰动一时,其中一个重要原因就是中国本地银行不能满足爱立信全球总部对南京爱立信公司的要求:每周财务上报和每天贷款限额管理.这一事件为中国商业银行的未来发展敲响了警钟,如果不加快管理信息系统的开发,迅速提升业务管理水平,类似的事件还会接连不断地发生,并最终导致国内商业银行在同国外商业银行的竞争中全面溃败.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.