Government social media and corporate tax avoidance

With the advent of the new media era, government social media have become an important paradigm for social governance. We perform a large-sample regression and reveal that the higher the quality of taxation bureaus’ operation of government social media, the lower the degree of local enterprises’ tax avoidance, which works through reducing tax avoidance incentives and increasing the difficulty of committing tax avoidance. Moreover, government social media play a substitution effect on tax enforcement and administration. We also find that government social media should focus on strengthening its official, formal and professional characteristics. Given the significant recent changes in how enterprises handle taxation, the proportion of information that taxation bureaus post on system operation should be appropriately increased.     

论逆向避税

随着世界经济一体化的程度不断提高 ,国际避税问题也日趋严重。如何防范国际避税已为各个国家和国际组织所重视 ,并成为国际税法中的一项核心问题。在本文中 ,笔者将探讨逆向避税———一种广泛存在于中国国内涉外企业中的国际避税行为。本文首先界定逆向避税的概念 ;其次分析逆向避税的动机和手段 ,并指出逆向避税造成的严重危害 ;最后结合我国税法实际构思相应对策税制及其它措施。     

在华外企的反避税审计策略研究

通过对转让定价、资本弱化、利用避税地以及选择公司组织形式等在华外企常用的避税方式和手段进行剖析,说明在以后相当长的时期内,应当将长期亏损、长期微利或跳跃性赢利却不断扩大经营规模的外资企业作为反避税审计的重点对象,并在提升立法层次、建立跨国合作机制、完善反转让定价税制、制定避税地和资本弱化税法、加强对电子商务税收问题的研究等方面来完善反避税审计策略。     

税收法定原则的宪法植入方式

全面落实税收法定的政策要求与立法实践,保障着我国财税制度改革能够获得稳定的法律环境。然而,作为税法基本原则的税收法定主义在我国宪法中却未能得到确立,宪法第五十六条显然无法兼容"控制政府征税权"的逻辑基点。为使征税权控制获得根本法层面的正当性,并使宪法内容与改革所追求的社会秩序相适应,梳理和借鉴域外各国的经验模式,应当在宪法的"公民权利义务"章节和"人民代表大会职权"章节做出条款补充,以符合中国实际的小范围修宪的方式,稳妥地实现税收法定原则的宪法植入。     

我国最优宏观税负水平的实证分析及政策选择

以巴罗、斯库利模型为分析框架,通过相关分析和多元回归分析,进一步研究我国的宏观税负问题。实证研究结果表明：政府通过征税把资源从私人部门转移到公共部门使用的过程中,政府征税对经济产生的负面影响并没有被政府有效地使用税收对经济产生的正效应所抵消,而政府支出本身也对经济产生了负面的影响。从这个角度判断,我国宏观税负水平不是最优的。我国应该进一步完善相关的政策,调整财政体制,进行相应的税收改革。     

结合逃税的最优税收理论研究评述

最优税收理论主要研究税制的最优设计问题,而逃税理论主要致力于政府的最优执行问题,最近出现了将这两种理论结合起来的研究趋势。结合逃税的最优税收理论,包括最优所得税和最优商品税等内容,研究结果表明:结合逃税的最优税收理论并不能得出比标准最优税收理论更为明确的政策结论,其还有待于进一步的研究和发展。     

Exploring Formula Allocation for the European Union

This paper explores the efficiency impacts of two methods of consolidated base taxation with formula allocation under consideration in the European Union. The first method, common (consolidated) base taxation (CCBT), would allow companies to choose a single tax base for their EU-wide operations. This tax base would be common throughout the participating member states. The second method, Home State taxation (HST), would also allow companies to choose a single tax base for their EU-wide operations. But, unlike with CCBT, the tax base would be defined according to the rules in the company's residence, or home, state. Thus, several different tax bases would exist within the EU. Both methods would use a common formula to distribute profits across countries. This paper finds that since countries continue to set corporate income tax rates, economic inefficiencies continue to exist under both methods. However, under HST, since the tax base differs according to residence, additional inefficiencies may arise depending on whether countries reduced their tax rates to combat the incentive for companies to relocate to locations with narrow tax bases.     

A hybrid consumption-based direct tax proposed for Bolivia

In 1994 the authors designed a consumption-based direct tax for the government of Bolivia. The proposal combined yield exemption treatment (exemption of interest income and no deduction for interest expense) of individuals with consumed income tax treatment (taxation or deduction of the net proceeds of borrowing and lending, as well as interest income and expense) of business. This article explains why taxation based on cash flow has administrative and economic advantages over a conventional income tax and why the hybrid system proposed is preferable to either pure form of consumption-based tax.     

完善我国税法受益所有人制度的思考

受益所有人条款出现在避免双重征税协定中的股息、利息、特许权使用费的支付条款上,联合国范本及OECD范本均未对其含义进行明确规定。从联合国范本及OECD范本来看,受益所有人应该包含两个要素：一为“所有”;二为“受益”。我国在2009年以国税函[2009]601号文件的形式出台了对受益所有人的认定标准,建议从提高受益所有人条款的立法层次和对受益所有人的内涵增加直接受益的要素等方面,对我国税法的受益所有人条款进行完善。     

公司税收规避、税率持续性与股票收益波动率

从税率平稳性角度看,避税活动是否会增加税率波动性进而给企业带来高风险是一个值得探讨的重要问题。从动态视角研究发现,避税是一种策略性行为,低实际税率的企业相比高实际税率的企业,其税率在长时期内能够保持平稳。此外,避税活动并不一定会带来未来税率和股票收益的波动性。这说明公司通常采用持续、稳定的税收策略,不会带来公司风险的激增。进一步研究发现：节税率的波动性与公司未来股票收益波动存在着显著正相关,即当避税引起税率波动较大时,会带来公司股票收益风险的增加。     

Tax Setting in a Federal System: The Case of Personal Income Taxation in Canada

In a decentralised tax system, the effects of tax policies enacted by one government are not confined to its own jurisdiction. First, if both the regional and the federal levels of government co-occupy the same fields of taxation, tax rate increases by one layer of government will reduce taxes collected by the other. Second, if the tax base is mobile, tax rate increases by one regional government will raise the amount of taxes collected by other regional governments. These sources of fiscal interdependence are called in the literature vertical and horizontal tax externalities, respectively. Third, as Smart (1998) shows, if equalisation transfers are present, an increase in the standard equalisation tax rate provides incentives to raise taxes to the receiving provinces. A way to check the empirical relevance of these hypotheses is to test for the existence of interactions between the regional tax rate, on the one hand, and the federal tax rate, the tax rate set by competing regions, and the standard equalisation tax rate, on the other hand. Following this approach, this paper estimates provincial tax setting functions with data on Canadian personal income taxation for the period 1982–1996. We find a significant positive response of provincial tax rates to changes in the federal income tax rate, the tax rates of competing provinces, and the standard equalisation rate (only for receiving provinces). We also find that the reaction to horizontal competition is stronger in the provinces that do not receive equalisation transfers.     

Corporate tax avoidance: is tax transparency the solution?

Corporate tax avoidance has been a matter of considerable public attention, particularly since the 2008 global financial crisis. The nature of calls for tax reform and increased regulation, advocated most prominently by tax activists and NGOs, has revolved around transparency as a possible corrective to unacceptable tax avoidance, although there is no consensus as to what the term tax avoidance encompasses and when it becomes unacceptable. We examine two responses to calls for increased transparency about the tax affairs of multinational entities: firstly, country by country reporting that provides information to tax authorities, and secondly the UK requirement for publication of tax strategies, whereby large companies put information into the public domain. We find considerable misunderstanding about the benefits of transparency in this setting. By failing to consider the limits of transparency initiatives there is a risk of dysfunctional consequences, for example additional costs in providing and processing additional information, the prospect of increased disputes as new information generates new misinterpretations and uncertainty in determining the final tax position. There is a risk that greater disclosure will not effectively address concerns about unacceptable corporate tax avoidance.     

“两税合一”对台湾上市公司股利税资本化的影响

本文以1994～2001年两税合一税制实施前后的台湾上市公司为样本，运用Harris-Kemsley股利税后收益模型，探讨所得税制改革对权益投资者收益的影响，以及两税合一税制的实施对股利税资本化的影响。实证结果表明：两税合一税制实施前，台湾上市公司的末分配盈余与其股利税资本化程度负相关，即股利税资本化效果存在；两税合一税制实施后，台湾上市公司的股利税资本化程度低于两税合一前的程度。     

“营改增”影响地方政府税收努力研究

基于随机前沿分析法（SFA）测算2011-2015年我国地方政府税收努力程度,并运用双重差分法考察“营改增”对地方征税行为的影响。研究发现：“营改增”将地方税（营业税）变为共享税（增值税）,显著降低了地方政府税收努力程度;改革对税收努力的冲击受经济发展水平、转移支付额度和税收返还的影响,获取转移支付收入和税收返还越多的地区税收努力下降速度越快。后“营改增”时期,如何提高税收效率,缓解地方财政收入对转移支付和债务收入的依赖性,是理顺中央和地方财税关系,完善财税收入体系的重要问题。     

中国环境税的功能检视与立法路径

环境税因其具有有效筹集环保资金、调控污染与破坏环境资源的行为、提高经济增长质量和维护社会环境公平等功能而领先于传统的命令-控制型环境管理模式。但在推行中可能出现双重红利引发偏差、转嫁税负影响减排以及重效率轻公平等现象,产生功能异变。我国政府确立了税收手段保护和改善环境的治理思路,厘清环境税所具备的功能、防范其发生功能异变、明晰新形势下环境税的功能需求是引导我国环境税制顺利推行的前提。构建符合中国本土化的环境税制、实现环境税的功能应当从健全法律运行体制、明晰政府事权责划分以及完善保障性制度建设等方面进行探索和思考。     

中国金融税制的问题分析与立法完善

健全的金融税制是促进中国金融业稳健发展的重要条件。所以,在我国金融市场进一步开放和经济全球化的新形势下,应当将金融税制的构建放在更加突出的地位,按照税收法定原则的要求,进一步完善立法程序,努力建立公平、科学和健全的现代金融税制。     

企业年金税收优惠政策的成本:一个文献综述

企业年金规模和税收优惠政策的关系很复杂,若无相应约束机制,提高优惠力度只会增加成本,企业年金得不到良性发展,税收优惠政策只能低效率运行,并产生相应成本。限制高收入职工的避税行为、明确参保职工的税收优惠政策以及加强职工退休年龄的监管,有利于降低税收优惠政策的成本,进而提高目前我国企业年金税收优惠政策的效率。     

A General Model of the Behavioral Response to Taxation

This paper generalizes the standard model of how taxes affect the labor-leisure choice by allowing individuals to change both their labor supply and avoidance effort in response to tax changes. Doing so reveals that the income and substitution effect of taxes depend on both preferences and the avoidance technology. Econometric analysis will not in general allow one to separately identify the two influences, unless one can specify observable determinants of the cost of avoidance. The effective marginal tax rate on working must be modified by the addition of an avoidance-facilitating effect, which measures how the cost of avoidance changes with higher income. This model provides a conceptual structure for evaluating to what extent, and in what situations, the opportunities for tax avoidance mitigate the real substitution response to taxation.     

“一带一路”沿线国家税收竞争力对中国对外直接投资的影响

"一带一路"沿线国家税收竞争力对中国对外直接投资具有重要影响。实证研究发现,"一带一路"沿线国家税收竞争力的提升显著促进了中国对外直接投资的增加。因而,中国政府应致力于加强国际税收合作与区域协调,构建"共商、共建、共享"税收新体系;为企业投资"一带一路"沿线国家(地区)提供优质的跨境涉税服务和税务风险预警指引,从宏观上引导企业对外直接投资健康发展;完善国内税收政策体系以提升国际税收竞争力,更好吸引外来投资;企业应密切关注东道国税收政策变化,有效防范风险,利用"一带一路"倡议带来的机遇,积极拓展海外市场。     

适当下放地方税立法权完善税收立法体制

当前中央和地方税收立法权划分中存在一些问题和矛盾。要化解这些矛盾、解决这些问题,需要在借鉴历史和国外经验的基础上,区别不同的地方税税种,分层次、有限度、可控制地下放部分税收立法权,完善税收立法体制,健全分税制财政管理体制以至整个财税体制。