前因变量、慈善行为与组织绩效研究

随着人们的社会发展观和价值观的逐渐成熟,要求企业承担社会责任的呼声越来越高。作为承担社会责任的一种有效方式,企业慈善捐赠行为在全球范围内迅速发展,不仅捐赠领域越来越广泛、捐赠资源日趋多样,而且更注重捐赠的效果。与迅速增长的慈善实践相比,相关慈善理论略显薄弱,大多研究仅描述了慈善行为本身,鲜有关于慈善产生动因、行为特征、组织绩效的详细解读,因而使理论工作者难以廓清慈善行为的全貌。本文通过理论演绎,阐释了前因变量、慈善行为和组织绩效三者之间的关系,并以此为基础提出相关研究假设,构建了＂前因变量—慈善行为—组织绩效＂这一概念模型,该模型论述了影响慈善捐赠行为的关键因素,揭示了慈善捐赠行为对企业组织绩效的作用机制,未来的研究可以通过实证数据进一步检验和修正理论分析框架,以为我国企业参与慈善活动提供借鉴。     

论法人清算期间的法律地位

现行法律、法规及司法解释对法人清算期间的法律地位的规定存在缺陷,没有有效地区分法人自愿解散与法人强制解散,导致立法相互矛盾与执法的不统一。在未来民法典中,应有效区分法人的自愿解散与强制解散,明确法人自愿解散进入清算期间仍具有法人人格;而法人强制解散进入清算期间,法人人格消灭,相当于非法人团体。同时需要进行相关制度创新。     

Beyond the profit motive: The post-industrial corporation

Global approaches to solving the world problematique are augmented in this paper by a grassroots approach which may encourage the business corporation to evolve into an organic post-industrial form. This post-industrial model embodies two main concepts. One involves the development of social accounting frameworks that encourage the pursuit of social welfare rather than financial profit alone. Results are presented of a computer simulation of such a framework, called the “return on resources” model. The second concept suggests that systems of corporate governance be extended to form a corporate community composed of investors, employees, customers, the public and others involved in corporate affairs in order to facilitate collaborative policy making. These two complementary principles comprise a broader equivalent of free enterprise that provides more appropriate decision-making processes for post-industrial society. This post-industrial paradigm of corporate behavior is believed to be technically feasible, and trends suggest that its adoption is quite possible. The power of business corporations could thereby be transformed into a humanitarian force for achieving sustainable increases in human welfare.     

The socially responsible choice in a duopolistic market: A dynamic model of “ethical product” differentiation

The increasing attention of profit maximizing corporations to corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a new stylized fact of the contemporary economic environment. In our theoretical analysis we model CSR adoption as the optimal response of a profit maximizing firm to the competition of a not for profit corporate pioneer in the presence of a continuum of consumers with heterogeneous preferences towards the social and environmental features of the final good. CSR adoption implies a trade-off since, on the one side, it raises production costs but, on the other side, it leads to accumulation of “ethical capital”. We investigate conditions under which the profit maximizing firm switches from price to price and CSR competition by comparing monopoly and duopoly equilibria and their consequences on aggregate social responsibility and consumer welfare. Our findings provide a theoretical background for competition between profit maximizing incumbents and not for profit entrants in markets such as fair trade, organic food, ethical banking and ethical finance.     

Revisiting the Roots of Japan's Economic Stagnation: The role of the Japanese corporation

For a long period in the 20th century, the development of the Japanese corporation appeared congruent with the development of the Japanese economy. The growth-maximising behaviour of the Japanese corporation and the preference for internal growth over acquisitions (see Odagiri, 1992) appeared to suit the long-term ambitions of Japan. Now, that formerly clear connection between the ambitions of corporate Japan and the Japanese public interest is no longer so clear. Increasingly, the global ambitions of the corporation appear as an impediment to Japan's economic development. By favouring the development of large-scale transnational corporations, Japanese industrial policy-making appears to have contained a fundamental flaw. Japan is now dominated by large-scale organisations with global ambitions, controlled by corporate elites. It is unlikely that their strategic decisions will correspond with the wider public interest, which raises the possibility that Japan is now afflicted with 'strategic failure'. Other examples from around the world suggest that Japan is not unique in this respect. Alternative ways forward are suggested.     

绿色投资会改善企业的环境绩效吗——来自中国能源上市公司的经验证据

迫于全球能源危机和国内雾霾污染的巨大压力,如何通过绿色投资以改善环境污染是当前各界关注的一个重要议题。本文以2008—2017年中国能源上市公司为研究样本,采用Probit模型考察了绿色投资对企业环境绩效的影响机制。研究发现：企业增加绿色投资能够显著改善其环境绩效,而环境规制有利于企业增加绿色投资。调节效应表明,环境规制、专利创新对绿色投资与环境绩效的积极关系具有正向调节作用,而媒体报道的正面倾向性则会减弱绿色投资对环境绩效的积极作用,但政府补贴和研发投入对绿色投资提升环境绩效的调节作用不显著。本文进一步分析发现,绿色投资提升企业环境绩效在国有企业、大规模企业和融资约束程度弱的企业表现得更为显著。     

MOTIVATIONS FOR HOSTILE TENDER OFFERS AND THE MARKET FOR POLITICAL EXCHANGE

This paper reviews the arguments concerning the role of hostile tender offers in today's corporate world. Some observers suggest that "corporate raiders" do not pay shareholders a fair price for their holdings and that they disrupt firms' day-to-day operations. Others point to the significant premiums paid to shareholders in tender offers, and they suggest that raiders play an important role in forcing changes in corporations. The paper also presents the authors' views on the viability of proposed regulations in the corporate control area.     

Making real money in virtual worlds: MMORPGs and emerging business opportunities, challenges and ethical implications in metaverses

Today, millions of people from around the globe play online role playing games (MMORPG), in which a large number of players interact with one another in a virtual world, either using their existing identities in the physical world, or more often than not, through new virtual identities that might not even be remotely linked to the identities of the players in the physical world. The number of users is growing at an exponential rate and we are probably on the verge of a new development that is going to be as significant as the Internet itself. This positioning paper will discuss the business opportunities and challenges of such a virtual world, that of Second Life, and will examine the resultant corporate social responsibility implications focusing on the ethical and policy-related ones. This will help to identify important research questions that need to be systematically addressed.     

董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的影响——公司内部控制与机构投资者持股的调节作用

作为社会关系的重要一环,校友关系会对管理者决策产生影响。选取2012—2017年中国沪深两市A股上市公司为研究样本,利用固定效应模型检验董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的影响,通过考察公司内部控制和机构投资者持股对上述影响的调节作用,进而揭示其中相关作用机制。结果显示：董事长—总经理校友关系会促进公司创新投入;公司内部控制和机构投资者持股均正向调节董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的促进作用。进一步研究发现,董事长—总经理校友关系对公司创新投入的促进作用在非国有企业、高科技公司中更显著,而地区市场化程度差异对上述促进作用的影响并未表现出显著不同。研究结论能够为公司更有效地植入校友文化、完善选人用人与高管再教育机制等提供管理启示。     

是近视?还是轻视?——跨国公司在发展中国家对商业伦理的背叛

通过事实说明一些世界大型跨国公司在发展中国家(以中国和印度这两个人口最多的发展中国家为代表)的经营存在着不容乐观的背叛商业伦理的行为,阐述、分析了其背后的主要原因并提出了解决问题、推动跨国公司在东道国重返伦理化经营之路的对策和措施。     

A broad utilitarian theory of value and moral value

Never before has the American business community been challenged to justify and support its ethical standards as today. Hearings before government agencies, attacks by public interest groups, and emphasis on consumer interests have raised serious questions concerning the moral code of industry, the social responsibility of the business community, and what lies ahead for the business firm as it behaved in the past. Somehow much of the public believes that corporate responsibility has been compromised, and that regard for profits has become a way of life that overlooks humane and societal considerations. Management must recognize that it is invested with a definite ethical and moral, as well as legal, responsibility to demonstrate the highest traits of business leadership in its stewardship role. Anything short of such a standard may be catastrophic for the future of the American enterprise system.     

基于集体主义的企业科技向善：逻辑框架与竞争优势

新冠疫情对经济及社会运行造成了重大冲击,除了履行慈善捐赠等传统社会责任行为,一些企业还通过科技创新与善意的产品供给抗击疫情,企业与社会的融合互动更加紧密,据此引出企业科技向善概念。通过厘清企业科技向善概念,梳理了企业科技向善与竞争优势的关系,讨论了企业科技向善的未来研究方向,从企业与社会关系角度丰富和扩展了企业战略管理研究,并为企业管理实践与政府监管提供了新视角。     

Stewardship and economic organization: The ethical emphasis in business

Never before has the American business community been challenged to justify and support its ethical standards as today. Hearings before government agencies, attacks by public interest groups, and emphasis on consumer interests have raised serious questions concerning the moral code of industry, the social responsibility of the business community, and what lies ahead for the business firm as it behaved in the past. Somehow much of the public believes that corporate responsibility has been compromised, and that regard for profits has become a way of life that overlooks humane and societal considerations. Management must recognize that it is invested with a definite ethical and moral, as well as legal, responsibility to demonstrate the highest traits of business leadership in its stewardship role. Anything short of such a standard may be catastrophic for the future of the American enterprise system.     

Share valuation and corporate equity policy

In recent years many contributions have appeared which examine the effects of corporate and personal taxation on firm financial policy. However, there has yet to appear an adequate explanation of why corporations continue to distribute dividends despite their disadvantageous tax treatment. We study this problem anew, in the context of an overlapping generations growth model with corporations financed by equity. Among our findings are: (1) capital owned by corporations may well be undervalued, even in the long run; (2) as a result of such undervaluation, firms may find it in the best interest of their stockholders to distribute dividends; and (3) an increase in the tax on distributions, while depressing the return to personal saving, may lead to an increase in the capital intensity of the economy. We also consider the criterion firms will use in evaluating new investment projects.     

Exchange rate exposure, foreign currency derivatives and the introduction of the euro: French evidence

We investigate the impact of the introduction of the Euro on exchange rate exposures for French corporations and examine the corporate use of foreign currency derivatives to hedge exchange rate exposure post-Euro. Our findings indicate that the introduction of the Euro is associated with both a reduction in the number of firms that have significant exchange rate exposure and the absolute size of exposure. Consistent with these reduced exposures, French firms use foreign currency derivatives less intensively. Furthermore, the use of foreign currency derivatives is found to be associated with lower exchange rate exposure but there is insufficient evidence that these instruments are more effective in the post-Euro environment.     

Crystallizing the nanotechnology debate

Much of the initial commentary on nanotechnology assumed, implicitly or explicitly, that nanotechnology represented a radical discontinuity from existing science and technology. The birth of the nanotechnology debate was marked by the differences of opinion as to whether the technology's outcomes would be positive or negative. The authors trace the journey from this polarized debate to the current discussion of nanotechnology, finding that the latter is still conducted in the parameters set by the initial utopian and dystopian extremes. Yet the discussion now focuses on defining the technology and identifying the social and ethical issues, which are often reduced to the potential risks of toxicity and the need for public engagement. The authors argue that nanotechnology is erroneously treated as homogeneous and is under-analysed; it is the very diversity and transdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology that makes it distinctive and interesting to social science enquiry. In this way, it may yet be prototypical of Gibbons et al. 's 'Mode 2' science. The focus of social science research should be less on the implications of nanotechnology, and more on its creation, the processes through which it develops and the alternative perspectives underlying this. The authors conclude by outlining core elements of a social science agenda for nanotechnology.     

环境支持还是企业迎合:高管持股、企业研发投入与省际创新强度

在转轨经济国家中,制度环境究竟会对高管持股与企业研发投入的关系产生何种影响一直存在争议。从环境支持和企业迎合两个视角出发,分析企业所处的外在环境及其开展研发活动的动机等对上述关系的影响。研究发现,外在环境的创新氛围对高管持股与企业研发投入之间的关系具有显著正向调节作用,企业为满足政府政策导向而采取的迎合行为也强化了上述关系,这两者同时作用于高管持股与企业研发投入的关系,但两者相比,创新氛围的影响更为重要。进一步揭示了高管持股与企业研发投入之间的逻辑黑箱,为今后的理论研究与政策设计提供了必要支持。     

The benefits and costs of the deferral of U.S. Taxes on retained earnings of controlled foreign corporations

This paper develops and applies a model to measure the effects of deferral on world and U.S. incomes. It is assumed that elimination of deferral would be accompanied by a compensating reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate which would leave the overall tax burden of corporations unchanged. The results of the model support several conclusions: Deferral has a positive net effect on world income, but has a negative effect on U.S. income; over two-thirds of the income gains of foreign countries due to deferral goes to developed or oil-exporting countries; and the Tax Reform Act of 1976 has roughly doubled the importance of deferral.     

Bank acquisitions of investment dealers: Canadian evidence and implications for Glass-Steagall reform

This paper analyzes the 1987 change in Canadian legislation permitting commercial banks to engage in investment banking, and makes comparisons to the US, where similar regulatory change is under way. The study focuses on the impact of such regulatory change on issue costs for corporations raising seasoned common equity. The findings indicate that although regulatory reform per se has had no effect on issue costs, costs for issues handled by a bank-owned underwriter are lower than those handled by an independent underwriter. The lower cost may be indicative of the availability of economies of scope between underwriting and commercial banking. First Version Received: Nov. 1998 / Final Version Received: March 2000     

上市公司会计诚信的博弈分析

会计诚信建设由来已久,而随着全球若干公司的会计丑闻爆发,会计诚信建设倍受关注。本文从博弈论的角度对上市公司会计诚信进行分析。上市公司会计诚信的博弈涉及到两方面的主体:会计信息的提供者和使用者。会计信息提供者可以采取诚信或不诚信的策略;会计信息使用者可以采取相信或不相信其会计信息的策略。以政府监督部门作为会计信息使用者的代表,给定上市公司失信的概率和政府部门监督的概率,建立了上市公司与政府监督部门的混合策略博弈矩阵,通过分析,提出了中国上市公司会计诚信建设的一些思路。