SPS对我国禽肉出口影响的经济学分析

SPS(Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Agreement)(卫生与动植物检疫)措施是与风险密切相关的技术性贸易措施,SPS协议是用来规范成员国SPS措施的世贸组织协议,是成员国必须遵守的章程。目前SPS措施壁垒已成为中国禽肉出口的主要障碍。本文运用经济学局部均衡分析框架分析了SPS措施对我国禽肉出口的影响效应。研究认为,SPS措施对禽肉出口的短期影响为数量限制,而长期影响则表现为贸易限制(禁止)和贸易转移效应,最后用实证案例对SPS措施产生的贸易效应进行了验证。针对SPS措施的影响,认为加强我国防疫体系建设,建设无规定疫病区,严格控制药物使用和残留监控,采用HACCP认证等提高我国SPS水平,以较高的遵从成本换取更高的遵从收益。     

卫生和植物检疫措施影响农产品贸易的理论模型--以猪肉为例

本文从卫生和植物检疫(SPS)措施导致的遵从成本出发,建立了经济学局部均衡分析模型,研究SPS措施对中国猪肉贸易的影响效应。分析表明:SPS措施对猪肉贸易的影响在宏观上表现为贸易禁止、贸易限制和贸易扭曲。微观上的影响在短期和长期是不同的。文章还分析了在一对一歧视、多对一歧视和非歧视情况下遵从成本的大小。研究发现,当所有进口国对所有出口国无歧视的采用同一SPS措施的情况下,遵从成本被各国分摊,对于单个出口国来说,这时遵从成本最低。因此,对于贸易商来说,最重要的是追求贸易中的公平待遇。     

SPS措施对中国农产品出口贸易影响的实证分析——基于HMR法和极大似然法的比较

SPS措施作为WTO多边贸易协定下的重要内容,一直对农产品贸易影响巨大,而且在短期内不会随着区域贸易协定的繁荣而削弱其贸易效应。本文采用前沿HMR法和极大似然法对中国农产品出口遭遇SPS措施的贸易效应进行比较研究。结论显示,在既定条件满足时,HMR模型可以很好地测算贸易广度和贸易深度。而基于拟极大似然法的ZINBPML模型能很好地解决过度散布问题。对于中国主要出口农产品,SPS措施既能增加贸易广度,也能提升贸易深度。其原因在于,SPS措施不仅能促进出口市场多元化,还能增加进口消费信心和安全感,反而可以扩大出口额。     

雨声如鼓催花发，何时莲开千百枝？ ——《SPS 协定》下“等效承认”规则缺陷 与因应之策

世界贸易组织下的《SPS协定》、《等效决议》以及CAC、OIE、IPPC制定的对等承认准则共同构成了SPS措施等效承认机制。但这个机制缺少法律约束,也存在相关方之间权利失衡、等效承认时限不清等问题,这导致国际SPS措施的等效承认的实施陷入困境。国际SPS措施的等效承认是消除贸易技术壁垒的重要途径。世界贸易组织应重视完善SPS措施对等承认机制,以更好地推动世界贸易的发展。     

SPS协议对我国农产品贸易带来的机遇与挑战

随着世界贸易自由化进程的加快,一种新兴的技术措施《卫生和植物检疫措施协定》已经成为国际贸易的热点。SPS协议为我国的农产品贸易带来了前所未有的机遇和挑战。因此研究SPS,并采取适当对策,妥善解决,已经成为当务之急。     

当前我国农产品出口面对的SPS措施研究

随着经济全球化的不断发展,贸易保护正通过各种崭新的形式呈现出来,而动植物卫生检疫（SPS）措施越来越成为影响国际农产品贸易的重要因素。文章介绍了我国农产品出口现状及其面对的SPS措施,重点分析了SPS措施给我国农产品出口带来的双重影响。通过实证检验,发现滞后一期及两期的SPS措施对我国农产品出口起到了显著的阻碍作用,并在此基础上提出了相应的解决对策。     

基于新冠肺炎疫情视角的国际多边等效规制及其实施北大核心CSSCI

与新冠肺炎防疫有关的检验、检疫、协调与等效承认、第三方认证、风险评估等质量安全保障措施属于WTO《SPS协定》所定义的SPS措施。《SPS协定》第4条和SPS委员会发布的《等效决议》确立了SPS措施等效的多边规则。国际多边等效的难点和痛点在于产品质量管控和认证的可靠性、规范性等关于等效实施的基础条件以及等效规则的有效实施。从全球新冠肺炎疫情应对实践来看,WHO基于疫苗的公平获得和公平分配、美国基于防疫的紧急需要对我国防疫物品(包括疫苗)实施了单边、自主的等效认定。防疫物品的“紧急使用授权”是SPS措施等效的极简形式。我国要通过强化防疫物品的质量管控、推动防疫物品SPS措施的国际协调、积极参与跨国认证来强化新冠肺炎疫情防控实施的SPS等效基础,减少以疫苗为核心的全球防疫公共物品的贸易扭曲。     

SPS壁垒的评判标准探讨

文章解析了SPS兴起的经济学基础,梳理了SPS措施与技术性贸易措施及绿色贸易措施的关系,进而根据WTO相关规则原创性地提出了评判正当SPS措施的8条标准,并且分析了这些标准背后隐藏的问题。文章提出,我国针对SPS措施和SPS壁垒应采取不同的应对策略:积极"遵从"国际贸易中正当的SPS措施;向WTO争端解决机制"申诉",运用法律和谈判手段解决SPS壁垒;对于我国和其他发展中国家面临的客观"SPS壁垒",国际组织应尽快澄清SPS协议中的模糊规定,提高SPS协议的执行度;同时,国际组织和发达国家要积极援助发展中国家,提高他们的遵从能力,发展中国家也要积极主动参与国际标准的制定,从游戏规则的被动接受者转变为制定者。     

SPS措施对中国畜产品出口的影响及对策——基于引力模型的实证分析

SPS协议的滥用使中国畜产品出口受到严重影响.文章利用引力模型测算出SPS措施对中国畜产品出口的影响显著.主要原因是SPS协议的不完善,中国畜产业贸易体制的缺位,中国畜产品质量以及企业应对SPS诉讼的态度被动等,因此,中国畜产企业要充分利用SPS协议,完善自身经营环境和贸易理念,同时,各部门要发挥其服务职能,提升中国畜产品出口的竞争力.     

出口食农产品怎样更好应对SPS措施

近年来,各类非传统的贸易保护替代措施逐渐被普遍使用。SPS《卫生和植物检疫措施协定》(以下简称"SPS"),允许成员国制定各自的不同标准来保护国民和动植物健康,因此该措施也凭借其合法性、合理性、隐蔽性和灵活性,成为很多国家保护国内食农产品市场的常用工具。SPS措施的特点一是检疫措施频出,要求在证书上注明合格项目。贸易国家在进口货物通关时,加严核验证书,并要求在植物检疫证书上体现不含指定有害生物或符合该国的植物检疫法规。     

Trading with Conditions: The Effect of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on the Agricultural Exports from Low‐income Countries

Market access for agricultural products is increasingly determined by capability to comply with a wide array of regulatory measures. From a trade perspective, one of the most important aspects of such regulatory measures is their potential distortionary effect, as their cost of compliance is often asymmetrical across countries. This paper investigates the effect of the European Union's sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures on the exports from low income countries. This study finds that SPS measures result in relatively higher burden for low income countries but that membership in deep trade agreements seems to reduce the difficulties related to compliance with SPS measures. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that while many middle and high income countries have the internal capacity to comply with SPS measures, most low income countries do not.     

The Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures on Market Entry and Trade Flows

In an attempt to disentangle the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures on trade patterns, we use the database on specific trade concerns on SPS measures of the WTO. Estimating various gravity model specifications at the HS4 disaggregated level of trade, we find that aggregated SPS measures constitute obstacles to agricultural and food trade consistently to all exporters. But conditional on market entry, trade flows are positively affected by SPS measures. In addition, we find that SPS measures related to conformity assessment hamper market entry, while SPS measures related to product characteristics increase bilateral trade flows conditional on meeting the standard.     

人力资本与服务贸易比较优势相关性研究

大多数西方经济学者都认为人力资本要素是影响服务贸易比较优势的关键因素之一,他们分别从不同的角度详细论证了人力资本与服务贸易比较优势之间的相关性。我国对于这个问题的研究起步相对比较晚。本文通过对人力资本与服务贸易比较优势相关性研究的理论梳理与比较,希望能为理解服务贸易比较优势理论提供新思路。     

Green productivity and bilateral trade flows in an augmented gravity model – A panel data analysis

Motivated by the debate in the trade liberalization and the environment literature, this article examines the effect of enhancing green productivity (GP) on bilateral trade flows. The uptake of per capita ISO14001 certification counts is used to measure GP. The existing literature provides other key determinants of bilateral trade flows. This article employs an augmented gravity model and presents panel data analysis on 26 countries from 1995–2004. Since GP is closely related to quality management, this article also examines the joint effect of the measure of quality management systems (QMS) and the measure of GP. Several fixed effects regression equations are estimated. The results support the hypothesis that enhancing green productivity is a positive and statistically significant determinant of real bilateral exports. The joint significance of the measures of GP and QMS is also supported. This article lends empirical support for the new trade theory and Linder's hypothesis and is consistent with those obtained in the existing literature.     

Non‐Tariff Measures,Specific Trade Concerns and Tariff Reduction

This paper studies the determinants of the recent proliferation of Specific Trade Concerns raised at the WTO on non‐tariff trade measures (NTMs), with a focus on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBTs). Even though NTMs are imposed de jure to protect consumers from unhealthy products, they increase trade costs de facto. So, when tariff protection lowers, NTMs become effective barriers to trade and the exporting countries can complain at the dedicated committee at the WTO (STCs). Therefore, we study whether STCs are raised by exporting countries as a consequence of tariff reductions in importing countries, that is when non‐tariff measures become barriers to trade. Using a recent database on STCs over the period 1996–2010, we find empirical evidence that SPS and TBT concerns are raised by exporting country as a consequence of importer's tariff cut.     

Factors underlying sanitary and phytosanitary regulation for food and agricultural imports notified by WTO members

The impact of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures has been extensively studied in the trade literature. However, there is very scant research on the factors underlying the World Trade Organization (WTO) members’ regulatory process. The aim of this paper is to fill that gap, examining the main determinants for the development of SPS regulation considering the notifications presented by WTO members. A negative binomial regression was estimated, where the dependent variable was the number of SPS measures notified during the period 1995–2012 by WTO members, while the explanatory variables were related to each country: (1) agricultural production value; (2) agricultural imports weight; (3) health concerns; (4) agricultural import tariffs; and (5) scientific and legal capacities. The results provide evidence that legal and scientific capacities are major factors in the number of notifications presented by WTO members. On the other hand, those countries with a higher relative weight of the agricultural sector in the economy or of agricultural products in their imports have notified fewer SPS measures. This leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to reinforce actions that strengthen institutional and technical capacities for further convergence.