中国通货膨胀的动态特征研究

现有测度通胀惯性的常用模型是仅含自身滞后因子的自回归模型,该模型不能有效反映通胀预期和波动性对通胀惯性的影响。本文在自回归模型基础上,构建了一个包含通胀惯性、学习型预期和波动性特征的通胀动态模型。该动态模型从均值和波动项两个方面反映了我国通胀水平的动态变化趋势和特征。针对上述模型不能有效反映通胀状态体制变化的缺点,本文还引入Markov机制转换模型来测度我国通胀水平的状态转移特征。利用分位数回归方法下的自回归模型、本文构建的通胀动态模型以及Markov机制转化模型实证研究了我国通胀的动态特征。分析表明:我国通胀水平具有较强的惯性特征;通胀惯性的形成机理比较复杂,学习型预期只能部分解释通胀惯性;通胀水平的状态转移时间比较长;通胀水平与其波动性有着正向的关系。     

通货膨胀持久性研究综述

通货膨胀持久性是通货膨胀的动态特征之一,与货币政策实施效果密切相关。为了扩展和完善我国传统通货膨胀理论,本文对通货膨胀持久性的相关研究进行系统的归纳和综述,在分析通胀持久性来源的基础上,重点介绍估计持久性水平的单变量方法和多变量方法,并分析经济结构、价格机制或货币政策变化对通胀持久性的影响。同时,文章通过货币政策传导机制描述了通胀持久性对货币政策的影响,指出制订货币政策时低估通胀持久性的危害。     

我国通胀动态的结构计量经济分析——基于Gibbs抽样算法的研究

本文在结构凯恩斯菲利普斯曲线框架内研究我国通胀动态行为,首先运用Gibbs抽样算法估计我国产出缺口,最后运用广义经验似然方法实施有限样本下的稳健结构经济计量分析。研究揭示我国通胀动态具有混合预期和非粘性的特征。基于此,本文提出降低宏观层面的通胀预期和提高货币政策执行力及透明度的政策建议。     

通胀预期的测度方法及其在我国的应用

科学测度居民的通胀预期水平,是宏观调控部门有效引导公众形成合理预期并实现物价稳定的核心技术环节。在对各种测算方法进行理论比较的基础上,本文运用我国1997—2013年的季度数据,实证分析了净差额统计测算法、概率测算法、计量模型测算法等在我国的适用性。结果发现:不同特征的通胀预期有着不同的测算原理;我国公众的通胀预期属于适应性预期,具有黏性特征,是一种有限理性的预期;基于差分自回归移动平均模型的方法更适合于测度并预测我国居民的通胀预期水平。我国应从健全物价预期统计调查体系、加强与公众信息沟通、提高央行货币政策独立性等方面提高通胀预期管理效率。     

中国近二十年货币政策的轨迹:价格规则还是数量规则

我国宏观经济在过去的20年高增长和高波动并存,2000年后波动有所减弱。文章利用1992-2011年的宏观经济数据,实证检验了货币政策的价格规则和数量规则。研究发现,汇率在货币政策规则中反应不显著,数量规则对产出和通胀的反应比价格规则更显著;2000年前后货币规则发生了结构性变化,货币政策对通胀的反应具有动态时变特征;数量规则比价格规则对产出和通胀的调控更有效。     

外部冲击对通货膨胀的影响：述评与进展

本文梳理了外部冲击及其对通货膨胀影响的相关文献。本文指出,外部冲击和通货膨胀动态特征的研究密切相关,这是因为,在日益开放的宏观经济环境下,外部冲击的影响已经构成我国通货膨胀特征的重要因素。同时．我国通货膨胀的动态特征也成为检验外部冲击理论是否符合实际的重要标准。目前国内的相关文献并没有将外部冲击和通胀动态特征有机结合,并且在建立理论或实证模型来分析外部冲击对我国国内通货膨胀影响时,没有充分揭示不完全汇率传递效应在外部冲击的通胀影响方面的作用机制。在此影响下,该领域的研究,尤其是理论研究中对外部冲击的通胀效果的结论与现实情况有较大差距,并不能充分解释外部冲击对通货膨胀的缓慢且滞后的影响。本文提出．为了刻画符合我国通货膨胀动态特征的外部冲击影响,该领域的分析不能忽视不完全汇率传递效应及其在外部冲击影响过程中的作用机制。     

通货膨胀实时预测及菲利普斯曲线的适用性

本文从实时分析的视角,基于多种退势方法的产出缺口最终估计、准最终估计和实时估计序列,分别构建了四类预测模型对我国通货膨胀率进行预测,分析了产出缺口修正效应和滞后阶数变化效应对通胀预测的影响,并进一步考察了产出缺口在通胀预测中的作用及菲利普斯曲线在通胀预测中的适用性。研究结论表明,通胀率的实时预测效果要明显比基于最终数据的差,其中滞后阶数变化效应对实时预测精度的影响大于产出缺口修正效应;尤为重要的是,尽管在最终数据的预测分析中,产出缺口的引入能够提高通胀率的预测精度,但是在实时预测中,产出缺口没有提供有价值的信息,因此"产出—通胀"型菲利普斯曲线在我国通胀实时预测中并不适用。     

通胀惯性、通胀预期与我国通货膨胀的空间特征——基于空间动态面板模型

本文将经济地理空间权重矩阵引入通胀惯性和通胀预期共存的新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线框架,通过空间动态面板模型计量方法考察我国地区通胀在时间和空间上的特征。我们通过蒙特卡罗模拟发现,使用拟最大似然函数方法估计空间动态面板模型明显优于用于估计动态面板模型的向前正交离差广义矩方法。分析发现,消费者物价指数和零售商品物价指数空间传染性较强,GDP平减指数空间相关性较弱。新凯恩斯混合菲利普斯曲线较好地拟合了我国通胀的运行机理,其中,在影响当期通胀水平上,通胀惯性明显占优于通胀预期,治理通胀必须承受必要代价。     

货币政策调控、公众学习与中国通胀预期的演变

本文以新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型为框架,结合我国综合运用数量型与价格型货币政策工具的现实和公众学习机制,探讨我国通胀预期的演变。研究发现:我国通胀预期的形成是货币政策、通胀目标和公众学习机制综合作用的结果;我国对通胀目标采取顺周期调整,舒缓了外部冲击对货币政策的压力,在保持货币政策相对稳健性的同时,造成了通胀大起大落的变化周期;公众学习对通胀预期形成的影响受货币政策工具类型、反通胀立场、政策可信度的影响。我国在管理通胀预期过程中应明确构造以通胀目标为代表的名义锚,借助中央银行的沟通渠道,提高其透明度,通过反通胀实践,改善其可信度,以降低公众的预期形成偏差,引导公众形成与政策目标一致的通胀预期。     

我国货币供应对通货膨胀解释能力的实证研究

本文采用创新的广义通胀和实体经济流通货币变量,通过扩展菲利普斯曲线模型和VAR模型研究我国流通货币变化对广义通胀的短期影响。研究发现流通货币变化短期内并不能解释广义通胀的变化,并提出进口依赖度提升带来输入性通胀和资产市场快速扩张等可能的解释。研究还发现国际大宗工业品价格和通胀预期对于广义通胀具有重要的影响。     

UK INFLATION: PERSISTENCE, SEASONALITY AND MONETARY POLICY

In the light of the changes to UK monetary policy since the early 1980s, we study the existence and nature of changes in the properties of retail price inflation over this period. A feature of our analysis is the attention paid to the marked seasonal pattern of monthly UK inflation. After taking account of seasonality, both univariate and Phillips curve models provide strong evidence of changes in the level and persistence of inflation around the end of 1992, at the time of the introduction of inflation targeting. Indeed, all models point to the effective disappearance of inflation persistence after this date, implying that constant-parameter models estimated using both pre- and post-inflation targeting data periods should be treated with considerable caution.     

Threshold cointegration between inflation and US capacity utilization

An analogue to the Phillips curve shows a positive relationship between inflation and capacity utilization. Some recent empirical work has shown that this relationship has broken down when using data after the mid-1980s. We empirically investigate this issue using several threshold error correction models. We find, in the long run, a 1% increase in the rate of inflation leads to approximately a 0.0046% increase in capacity utilization. The asymmetric error correction structure shows that changes in capacity utilization show significant corrective measures only during booms while changes in inflation correct during both phases of the business cycle with the corrections being stronger during recessions. We also find that, in the short run, changes in the inflation rate do Granger cause capacity utilization while changes in capacity utilization do not Granger cause inflation. The Granger causality from inflation to capacity utilization can be interpreted as supporting recent calls made in the popular press by some economists that it may be desirable for the Federal Reserve Bank to try to induce some inflation. However, it is also possible to interpret these Granger causality results as arising because both variables respond to some more fundamental set of variables with the inflation rate simply responding sooner. The lack of Granger causality from capacity utilization to inflation casts doubt on the older view that capacity utilization could be a leading indicator for future inflation.     

Post-stabilization inflation dynamics in Slovenia

This paper investigates the inflation process in Slovenia through an examination of some commonly used determinants of inflation in transition economies. Granger causality tests and an analysis of unrestricted VAR models suggest a strong linkage between both growth in broader monetary aggregates and changes in the tolar-deutsche mark exchange rate on retail price inflation. While the growth in wages affects inflation, it appears that both changes in the exchange rate and growth in monetary aggregates provide the initial impulse. A discussion of the present money-exchange rate policy framework and its influence on inflation is also provided.     

Does inflation cause gold market price changes? evidence on the G7 countries from the tests of nonparametric quantile causality in mean and variance

This article utilizes the newly proposed nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test to examine the predictability of mean and variance of changes in gold prices based on inflation for G7 countries. The causality-in-quantiles approach permits us to test for not only causality in mean but also causality in variance. We start our investigation by utilizing tests for nonlinearity. These tests identify nonlinearity, showing that the linear Granger causality tests are subject to misspecification error. Unlike tests of misspecified linear models, our nonparametric causality-in-quantiles tests find causality in mean and variance from inflation to gold market price changes between the 0.20 quantile and the 0.70 quantile, implying that very low- and high-price changes in gold markets are not related to inflation. These changes should be related to other sources, such as financial shocks and exchange market shocks. We find support that gold serves as a hedge against inflation, but only in the mid-quantile ranges, i.e. quantiles from 0.20 to 0.70. Our results show that gold does not serve as a hedge against inflation during periods when gold market price changes are very low or very high, which are respectively quiet and highly volatile periods.     

The Dynamics Between Inflation and Inflation Uncertainty: Evidence from India

This study examines the causal nexus between inflation and inflation uncertainty. In this regard, conventional Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models and Stochastic Volatility (SV) models are used to measure inflation uncertainty and Bai and Perron (Econometrica 66:47–78, 1998; J Appl Econom 18:1–22, 2003) test is used to identify structural breaks in inflation. The empirical evidence derived from the monthly data for the period from June 1961 to April 2011 suggests that the measure of inflation uncertainty obtained from SV model is more reliable than the measure obtained from GARCH model and also the causal nexus between inflation and inflation uncertainty seems to be significantly conditional upon the measure of uncertainty used. The structural break test identifies four episodes of inflation during the sample period, and the causality between inflation and its variability varies across different episodes. The inflation and its variance seem to be independent of each other during the first two regimes that cover the period from 1960 to 1980 and on the contrary, during the later period largely bidirectional causality is observed. Further, inflation seems to exert positive impact on inflation uncertainty, whereas inflation uncertainty has negative impact on inflation.

     

Perceived inflation under loss aversion

Building on prospect theory, we apply the concept of loss aversion to the formation of inflation perceptions and test empirically for nonlinearities in the inflation-perceptions relation for a panel of 10 Euro area countries. Specifically, under the assumption of loss aversion, inflation changes above a certain reference rate will be perceived more strongly. Rejecting rationality of inflation perceptions in general under symmetric loss and in a majority of cases under flexible loss functions, panel smooth transition models give evidence of nonlinearities in the inflation-perceptions relation regarding both actual inflation and time. This result is confirmed by dynamic fixed effects estimates, where the slope of the estimated value function is significantly steeper in the loss region and the implied average reference inflation rate is found close to 2%.     

货币化、货币流通速度与产出——扩展的CIA约束与中国经验

本文从两个方面扩展了传统CIA约束:(1)消费品和资本品受货币约束的比例取决于货币化和信用化的发达程度;(2)货币交易频率受通胀率影响。这样能够在贴近中国现实的动态一般均衡框架下分析实际冲击与名义冲击对货币流通速度和产出的影响。理论模型中,综合考虑到投资和产出的变化时,货币化和信用化对货币需求和流通速度的影响并不确定,通胀率的上升也不必然导致投资减少或者货币需求下降。这有别于局部均衡分析以及传统CIA模型的结论。改革以来中国的经验数据也表明,尽管通胀率下降会降低流通速度,然而货币化进程并未导致流通速度的显著下降。货币化以及相关的金融制度变化假说不应成为流通速度下降的有力解释。     

Evolving UK and US macroeconomic dynamics through the lens of a model of deterministic structural change

Using a model of deterministic structural change, we revisit several topics in inflation dynamics explored previously using stochastic, time-varying parameter models. We document significant reductions in inflation persistence and predictability. We estimate that changes in the volatility of shocks were decisive in accounting for the great moderations of the United States and the United Kingdom. We also show that the magnitude and the persistence of the response of inflation and output to monetary policy shocks has fallen in these two countries. These findings should be of interest in those seeking to resolve theoretical debates about the sources of apparent nominal and real frictions in the macroeconomy, and the causes of the Great Moderation.     

The effect of inflation uncertainty on inflation: Stochastic volatility in mean model within a dynamic framework

This paper investigates the effect of inflation uncertainty innovations on inflation over time by considering the monthly United States data for the time period 1976–2006. In order to investigate the effect of inflation uncertainty innovation on inflation, a Stochastic Volatility in Mean model (SVM) has been employed. SVM models are generally used to capture the innovation to inflation uncertainty, which cannot be achieved in the framework of popular deterministic ARCH type of models. Empirical evidence provided here suggests that innovations in inflation volatility increases inflation persistently. This evidence is robust across various definitions of inflation and different sub-periods.