雄安新区被征地农民养老保险体系构建研究

在快速工业化和城市化过程中,农业土地转化为非农业用地,农民成为失地农民或被征地农民。失地农民不同于农民和城市居民,其养老成为难题。雄安新区作为"千年大计、国家大事",在开发建设过程中必然面临同样难题。如何保障被征地农民养老生活,构建适合被征地农民的养老保险体系,是值得探讨的社会性问题。     

市民化后的失地农民对征地制度评价:基于江苏省的调查数据

市民化后的失地农民是一个特殊的利益群体,他们在土地被征的的同时,也经历着农民身份向市民身份的转换。江苏省469户市民化后失地农民的调查数据显示,仅仅进行征地制度的改革并不能有效化解征地矛盾。失地农民对征地制度的评价主要受征地制度本身及关联制度的影响,对现行征地制度的不满既与征地制度本身不合理有关,也与关联制度不完善有关。征地制度安排越合理,被征地者对征地制度的满意度越高。在征地制度构成要件中,失地农民更关注补偿标准和安置方式。关联制度与征地制度配合得越好,被征地者对征地制度的满意度越高。在关联制度中,政府应重点做好就业指导、社会保障、政府扶持等方面的工作。要提高失地农民征地制度的满意度,不仅要进行征地制度的改革,而且要注意关联制度的改革和完善。     

被征地农民养老保障制度的分析与评价——以浙江省10个市为例

建立被征地农民养老保障制度 ,是解决被征地农民的老年生活、维护被征地农民的合法权益等问题的有效举措之一 ,具有极其重要的现实意义。浙江省建立的被征地农民的养老保障制度在中国尚属首创 ,它对浙江省实施城市化战略目标 ,推进城市化进程 ,发挥着积极的作用。本文以浙江省的 1 0个市为例 ,从中观层面对浙江省被征地农民的养老保障制度进行归纳与总结、分析与评价 ,在此基础上 ,提出进一步完善和发展该制度的政策性建议。     

城镇化进程中失地农民养老保障问题探究

分析城镇化进程中失地农民养老保障的诸多问题,建立失地农民养老保障基金、养老保障风险基金,配套养老保障的法律法规,大力发展经济,促进失地农民再就业,提高他们参保的思想意识,构建失地农民养老保障体系,对失地农民享受社会发展成果、统筹城乡发展、完善新型农村养老保险制度,弘扬社会的公平正义都具有重要的意义。     

完善重庆市失地农民社会保障制度的几点建议

2007年6月重庆成为全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区,重庆失地农民的社会保障问题是重庆试验区的重点问题之一,本文分析了重庆征地补偿基本情况及失地农民社会保障开展情况,提出了建立重庆失地农民最需要的养老、医疗保险等社会保障制度体系的一些建议。     

云南 被征地农民按规可享受基本养老保险缴费补助

正云南省明确从2019年1月1日起,被征地农民参加基本养老保险后,符合相关规定可享受参保缴费补助。被征地农民可按照基本养老保险制度规定,自愿选择参加城乡居民基本养老保险或城镇职工基本养老保险,享受相应的参保缴费补助。被征地农民参加基本养老保险后,每年可享受1次定额参保缴费补助,累计补     

城市化过程中失地农民权益损失及其保障对策

随着我国城市化大步推进,一大批农村集体土地被征用,因而产生大量的失地农民。在征地过程中,因制度缺陷等因素影响,失地农民许多权益受到侵犯而被损害和流失。为了使城市化不受征地影响,同时又维护失地农民合法权益,必须对现行的土地管理制度、土地征用和补偿政策进行调整,强化农民对土地的所有权和处置权,合理提高征地补偿标准,完善失地农民就业和社会保障制度,改进征地的土地收益分配机制和加强征地补偿费的监管。     

失地农民贫困现状缘于中国农民权利贫困——换个角度谈征地补偿制度

城镇化进程中的征地行为，使越来越多的失地农民收入锐减，就业不稳定，缺乏基本生活保障，陷入贫困的境地。本文试图从中国农民权利贫困的角度来探讨征地补偿制度中存在问题及导致失地农民贫困的根源，以期为失地农民摆脱贫困有所裨益。     

创新五大机制保障农民权益

为破解被征地农民的就业和保障问题,解决他们养老后顾之忧,江苏省徐州市贾汪区从制度设计的层面积极探索创新,在全市率先建立被征地农民基本生活保障制度,将被征地农民全部纳入基本生活保障,实现被征地农民基本生活保障全覆盖,确保被征地农民"失地不失志、失地不失业、失地不失保障",从根本上解决了被征地农民的长远生计问题,走出了一条通过推行基本生活保障和促进就业双轮驱动来破解被征地农民可持续生计的新路.     

失地农民养老困局与对策浅析

失地农民养老是以人为核心的新型城镇化道路要解决的必然任务。失地农民是在大规模土地征收中出现的被城市化人群,以中老年人居多,既缺乏城镇居民的社会保障,也不享有农村的土地保障,体现了新增城市居民市民化中养老困境。在中国当前社会养老保险金供需严重失衡的背景下,解决失地农民养老问题要求完善土地市场和金融制度,完善土地增值收益长期分享机制,让失地农民利用土地和房产收入扭转养老困局,并通过强化教育以提高农民人力资本,恢复农村居民退出城市化和退出城市的自由以降低农民养老风险。失地农民养老制度创新有助于完善新型城镇化下新增城市居民养老体系改革方案。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.