中国土地利用规划实施评价研究进展与展望

研究目的:全面回顾当前中国土地利用规划实施评价研究。研究方法:采用文献资料法和对比法,对主要研究内容、研究方法和研究进展进行系统评述,梳理了土地利用规划实施评价的理论、方法及评价流程。研究结果:土地利用规划实施评价内涵的界定、不同空间尺度和不同级别的评价指标体系设置和评价方法选择等问题有待深入研究。研究结论:建立适合中国国情的土地利用规划实施评价系统,建立综合、系统、高效、动态的评价方法体系,建立规划实施动态监测管理体系,促进规划实施评价在规划中的应用等是未来中国土地利用规划实施评价研究的主要方向。     

关于中国土地利用规划体系建设的思考

研究目的:对中国土地利用规划体系建设现状和存在的问题进行系统分析,提出完善中国土地利用规划体系的对策建议.研究方法:文献资料法和比较分析法.研究结果:完整的规划体系包括规划法规体系、规划管理体系、规划编制体系.针对中国土地利用规划体系建设存在的问题,提出了完善土地利用规划的对策建议:建立<土地管理法>、<土地利用规划法>、<土地利用规划编制办法>、技术规范、地方法规5级规划法规体系;建立完善透明的土地利用规划管理体系;建立总体规划、专项规划、控制性详细规划、详细规划4级规划编制体系.研究结论:土地利用规划体系建设是一项系统工程,是开展土地利用规划工作的基础,中国的规划体系还很不健全,迫切需要建立和完善中国的土地利用规划体系.     

土地利用总体规划评估制度建设研究

研究目的:以规划评估为研究对象,梳理总结以往土地规划实施评价情况,提出土地规划评估制度建设的中长期发展目标,为中国土地规划评估制度建立健全提供思路及参考。研究方法:资料比较与归纳。研究结果:分析新一轮土地利用总体规划修编中规划评估制度实施成效及存在问题,结合需求、围绕目标,提出规划实施评估制度建设的具体建议。研究结论:(1)在《土地管理法》修订及《土地利用规划条例》制定中,应对土地利用规划评估制度的目的、时限、主体、程序予以明确;(2)基于土地利用总体规划体系的完善创新,应扎实开展规划评估工作体系、技术体系等基础建设工作。     

土地利用规划实施评价的指标体系构建

研究目的:为科学地开展上轮规划实施评价提供依据,为同类研究提供参考。研究方法:文献研究、理论研究和系统工程分析方法。研究结果:提出了土地利用规划实施评价指标体系的建立原则,构建了土地利用规划实施评价的指标体系。研究结论:系统地设计了土地利用规划实施评价指标体系的框架,政策执行评价指标(控制指标)体系、土地利用程度提升评价指标(非控制指标)体系、规划方案实施效果和社会影响评价指标体系、规划实施后经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的评价指标体系。     

土地利用规划的风险管理

研究目的:通过对现阶段中国土地利用规划内在特点分析,指出土地利用规划风险存在必然性和多样性.研究方法:基于土地利用规划实践.研究结果:土地利用规划中的风险可分为自然风险、社会风险、经济风险、环境风险、政治风险和技术风险.针对这些风险,建立了土地利用规划中实施风险管理的科学程序,提出了具体的风险管理措施.     

加拿大BC省土地利用规划及其启示

研究目的:比较分析加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的土地利用规划,为中国新一轮土地利用总体规划的修编提供借鉴。研究方法:文献资料法。研究结果:加拿大BC省在土地利用规划编制思路、公众参与、社会经济与环境评价、监督体系方面建立了较为成功的机制。研究结论:中国应从重视对规划区域用地冲突问题分析、公众参与制度化建设、社会经济与环境评价内容与方法的健全、融实施评估和效果评估为一体的监督体系建设等方面来完善土地利用规划。     

中国土地复垦监管体系问题与对策

研究目的：类比提出中国土地复垦监管体系的概念,总结分析中国土地复垦监管体系的阶段特征和存在的问题,提出构建完善中国土地复垦监管体系的对策。研究方法：文献分析,典型调研,专家咨询和类比分析法。研究结果：中国土地复垦监管体系基本框架已形成,但仍然存在监管机构不健全、监管机制不完善、矿业用地政策存在缺陷、监管手段薄弱和监管技术标准不完备等。研究结论：建立专业化和层级化管理机构、加强部门协同、单列矿业用地指标、加强信息化监管、研制土地复垦实施与监管系列标准是构建完善中国土地复垦监管体系的重要方向。     

科学发展观与新一轮土地利用总体规划修编思考

从科学发展观与土地利用总体规划的关系入手,对当前我国正在实施的土地利用总体规划与科学发展观理念相背离的情况进行了剖析.在此基础上,提出了以科学发展观为指导进行新一轮土地利用总体规划修编的6个具体建议:①树立真正意义的弹性规划理念;②重新审视土地利用总体规划的目标重点:③准确把握土地利用总体规划的功能定位;④规划科学性和可操作性的全面提升;⑤加大规划实施的监管力度;⑥真正实现公众参与规划编制.     

土地利用规划学30年发展综述

研究目的:系统总结、研究中国土地利用规划学产生以来的发展历程和取得的重要成果,提出中国土地利用规划学的未来发展趋势和土地利用规划学学科建设重点问题及方向。研究方法:文献调研法。研究结果:20世纪80年代以来,土地利用规划学经历了关注全域农地合理利用、以加强耕地保护为关键、以完善土地用途管制为核心的3个演进阶段;土地利用规划理论方法、土地利用规划评价技术、土地利用规划信息技术、土地利用规划协调方法是土地利用规划学的重要研究领域。研究结论:未来应进一步创新具有中国特色的土地利用规划理论和方法、推动由"土地用途管制"向"国土空间用途管制"发展、关注土地利用规划评价体系和方法的系统化和实用化、推进基于生态文明建设视角的空间规划体系创新。     

FAO土地利用规划指南及启示

研究目的:介绍FAO出版的<土地利用规划指南>中规划的空间体系、编制的步骤和方法,并提出对中国的借鉴.研究方法:对比分析介绍方法.研究结果:中国新一轮土地利用规划应加强土地评价,建立规划的空间体系,重视规划的实施和监测以及信息技术应用.研究结论:借鉴国际经验有助于提高我国的土地利用规划水平.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.