基于元胞自动机的LUCC模型探讨

土地利用和土地覆盖变化涉及因素繁多,过程错综复杂,以元胞自动机这一简单模型来理解和预测土地利用和土地覆盖变化的过程具有不可替代的作用。现从利用元胞自动机模拟土地利用/土地覆盖变化的基本思想入手,对构建土地利用/土地覆盖变化模型时所必须的元胞自动机的扩展作了详细的探讨,并着重对基于元胞自动机的土地利用/土地覆盖变化模型及其模拟方法进行了分析,最后指出了利用元胞自动机构建土地利用/土地覆盖变化模型时可能出现的不足,提出相应的展望。     

基于CA模型的城市边缘区土地利用演变模拟——以广州市花都区为例

研究目的：探索土地利用的多地类CA模拟方法,并掌握城市边缘区土地利用变化规律。研究方法：选取典型城市边缘区 —— 广州市花都区为研究区域,利用C#语言结合ArcEngine GIS平台编程进行花都区土地利用演变CA模拟研究。以不同时间研究区土地利用图为基础数据,比较研究期内各地类的变化数量与方向以确定地类转换之间的优先级,并确定各地类的转换概率阈值。然后利用蒙特卡罗方法结合控制因素进行判断,最终确定元胞的转化状态。研究结果：模拟结果表明,2000 — 2005年间,新增建设用地分布在除北部山区以外的所有区域,但主要集中在城市中心区域,农用地主要分布在西南部和东北部,而且破碎化程度越来越高。在流向上,仍然有不少数量的农用地（主要为耕地和林地）转向建设用地。与实际情况相比,模拟的数量精度为84.8%,位置精度为71.3%。研究结论：研究结果表明此方法便于理解与操作,同时模拟精度较高。     

基于元胞生态位适宜度模型的低丘缓坡土地开发建设适宜性评价

研究目的：评价低丘缓坡土地开发建设适宜性。研究方法：以GIS为系统环境,通过元胞自动机模拟地理空间过程,“生态位”确定元胞邻域之间的转换规则,构建元胞自动机生态位适宜度模型。研究结果：模型运行得出了安宁市低丘缓坡土地开发建设适宜性的等级图谱,适宜建设区域主要分布在低丘缓坡区域的东北部,模型运行有效。研究结论：元胞生态位适宜度模型运行结果生态意义明确,适用于生态保护为目的的同质性区域建设用地适宜性评价,为评价、优化和编制低丘缓坡专项规划方案奠定了很好基础,也为类似的山地土地利用适宜性评价提供了方法借鉴。     

基于空间Logistic和Markov模型集成的区域土地利用演化方法研究

研究目的:以深圳市为对象定量研究区域土地利用演化方法。研究方法:文献资料法,空间Logistic模型和Markov模型,实证分析法。研究结果:(1)空间Logistic和Markov模型集成可提升单一模型的应用能力,宏观上利用Markov Chain进行土地利用规模总量预测,微观上利用多分类Multinomial Logistic模型解决分类变量与连续变量,定性变量和定量变量的联合解算提高空间回归精度,同时可以确定每一个土地利用单元转移概率,实现土地利用空间分布的预测;(2)基于集成模型开发出的应用系统能够有效仿真和预测深圳市土地利用演化,通过验证系统预测精度能够满足近期土地利用预警和年度土地供应计划编制。研究结论:空间Logistic和Markov的集成模型是研究区域近期土地利用演化的有效方法。     

基于地理加权和元胞自动机的建设用地发展模拟

为了防止建设用地的肆意扩张,缓解经济和生态平衡之间的矛盾,为政府部门的前期规划工作提供更合理的借鉴。为此以大连市某区域为研究区,将地理加权回归的思想融入到元胞自动机中,实现了城市空间发展的模拟,并与二次logistic回归模型作了对比。结果表明,在土地利用格局与影响因素建模过程中,存在着不同程度的空间自相关性,并在空间结构上不是单一趋势分布的,体现着空间不稳定性。将地理加权回归和元胞自动机的结合,不仅体现了空间分异特征,而且模拟精度也有所提高。     

基于区域战略的江苏省土地统筹利用分区研究

研究目的:提出区域土地统筹利用分区的概念和划分方法,以江苏省为案例进行分析,为区域土地利用、城乡建设等相关规划的编制提供科学依据。研究方法:结合主成分分析法和空间聚类法进行综合分区;采用演绎法划分实施区域发展战略的土地利用保障区;以空间迭置法构建江苏省土地统筹利用分区。研究结果:将江苏省划分为4个土地统筹利用大区、7个亚区。研究结论:统筹区域土地利用应将土地利用的现实和未来相结合,以土地统筹利用分区作为研究的空间依据,该分区是土地利用区划和土地利用功能分类的结合,属于区划性质,兼有土地利用功能分类的特点。     

基于ArcEngine的城市空间扩展模拟系统开发

目前国内外已有不少学者采用CA模型对城市用地扩展进行了研究,并取得了不少有意义的研究成果。基于上述现状,本次撰写的论文将在元胞自动机理论的支撑下,在Visual studio2013平台下利用C#语言结合ESR I公司的嵌入式开发平台ArcEngine组件开发包,编写一套可以实现模拟城市空间扩展的软件,将灰度局势决策运用到程序中,进行提取城市扩展时内在影响因素与规律,并将其作为元胞自动机的转换规律,再与地理信息系统结合来研究城市规划。结合了GIS系统使仿真结果得以展示,为将来研究区域土地利用规划提供决策依据。     

2013年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2014年展望——土地利用与规划分报告

研究目的:总结2013年国内外土地利用与规划方面的研究进展,展望2014年国内研究趋势。研究方法:文献调研法。研究结果:2013年国外土地利用与规划研究侧重在土地利用动态监测、土地利用变化效应以及土地利用规划理念和方法等方面;国内研究主要集中在土地利用调查与动态监测、土地评价、土地利用变化效应和模拟以及土地利用规划编制和评估等方面。研究结论:构建国土空间规划体系、建立"生产、生活、生态"的"三生"空间分类、强化土地利用的生态环境保护和土地利用效率评价,将是2014年及未来土地利用与规划领域着重研究的方向。     

基于优化HRNetV2的高分辨率遥感影像土地利用自动分类

研究目的：基于语义分割模型HRNetV2实现高分辨率遥感影像的土地利用自动分类,以期推动深度学习语义分割方法实现遥感影像的土地利用自动分类研究,并为该类研究提供可参考的案例。研究方法：首先对语义分割模型HRNetV2从损失函数、特征提取方面进行优化,以提高模型的分割精度;其次用优化后的HRNetV2模型对民乐县2 m的高分辨率遥感影像进行土地利用分类,并基于混淆矩阵对分类的结果进行评估。研究结果：（1）优化后的HRNetV2语义分割模型的MIOU达81.9%,相较于优化前提高了4.4%, 证明了优化方法的有效性;（2）针对民乐县进行的土地利用自动分类总体精度达89.72%,Kappa系数达0.888。研究结论：优化后的HRNetV2语义分割模型在高分辨率遥感影像的土地利用自动分类中具有较强的应用前景。     

基于决策树的土地利用覆盖分类及变化研究——以济宁市任城区为例

以济宁市任城区为研究对象,获取研究区域2001年、2006年和2011年三期Landsat ETM与TM影像,通过ENVI遥感影像处理软件分析了研究区影像的光谱特征以及植被归一化指数（NDVI）、建筑归一化指数（NDBI）以及水体归一化指数（NDWI）,利用决策树算法确定各地类的综合阈值,建立决策树模型,得到了土地利用覆盖分类结果并取得了良好的分类精度。同时通过对研究区2001至2011年的土地利用动态度及土地利用转移矩阵的分析得出研究区在研究期内的土地利用覆盖变化特征,最终得出结论：（1）利用决策树分类能够获得较高的分类精度;（2）任城区城镇化发展迅速,城镇化在区域土地利用覆盖变化过程中起到了主导性的作用。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.