考虑公平偏好的绿色供应链中制造商外包策略分析

供应链成员的公平偏好行为作为影响企业利润的主要因素，已成为当前企业决策时必须要考虑的现实问题之一。在考虑供应链成员异质特性和自主学习行为的基础上，本文通过计算实验研究了绿色供应链中供应商的公平偏好行为对制造商生产决策的影响。实验结果表明：供应商的公平偏好行为会降低制造商的利润。当供应商的公平偏好较弱时，制造商应该将生产外包；反之，当供应商的公平偏好较强时，制造商应该自己生产。此外，消费者的绿色偏好水平和政府补贴力度也会影响制造商的外包策略。     

基于风险规避和公平关切的第三方环境服务决策分析

本文考虑由 1 个排污企业和 1 个第三方环境服务提供商构成的环境服务供应链, 以双方为风险中性和公平中性决策者时的博弈结果为参照, 构建排污企业考虑和不考虑第三方环境服务商风险规避、 公平关切行为的差别决策模型。 研究结果表明： 当第三方环境服务商具有行为偏好时, 排污企业提高对第三方环境服务商行为偏好的关注, 有利于环境合作双方利润的增加, 也可得到更高的社会环境收益; 排污企业关注第三方环境服务商行为偏好, 确保排污企业不得到坏的博弈结果, 但只能消除公平关切心理 对第三方环境服务商决策的影响; 当第三方环境服务商适当增强其公平关切心理并且让排污企业关注到这 一行为偏好时, 有利于环境服务链整体收益最大化的提升。     

水利工程监理公平心理偏好下最优风险分担与激励契约研究

文章在水利工程监理心理偏好和信用偏好的基础上对最优风险分担与激励契约进行研究分析,并对二者之间的相互作用关系进行充分探讨和分析。研究表明:业主收益与公平薪酬呈显著负相关性,为激励工程监理更加努力的工作,可缩小公平薪酬与工程监理薪酬之间的差距,并以此提高业主收益;反之,则会引发工程监理的消极行为,并产生心理偏好的负效应,将会降低业主收益。公平心理偏好在工程监理存在互补关系成本函数时可增大风险分担。     

非对称联盟中组织公平感对承诺影响差异的实证研究

在分析程序公平和分配公平对联盟承诺影响的基础上,研究了非对称联盟中不同规模组织对程序公平和分配公平反应的差异,包括组内差异和组间差异.通过对我国不同规模医院之间联盟的实证研究表明:程序公平和分配公平能够提高组织对联盟的承诺;在非对称联盟中,不论是从组内差异还是从组间差异来看,分配公平都对大组织的承诺行为有更强的影响,程序公平都对小组织的承诺行为有更强的影响;这些结论有助于更加深刻地理解公平在联盟中的作用机理,而且也为组织的联盟管理实践提供了有益的指导.     

石化销售企业用工分配制度改革初探

改革传统的用工和分配制度，建立有效的激励机制，充分调动员工积极性，是关系企业长远发展的大问题。石化销售企业通过减员分流后，职工的身份界限仍然存在，但在保留身份界限的同时，我们也应探讨如何解决同一身份人员在不同岗位上分配的“平均主义”、不同身份人员在相同工作岗位上分配方的不公平问题，从而做到既尊重历史又变通现实，既体现效益优先、又体现兼顾公平。     

公平关切和低碳偏好下供应链减排投资策略研究

针对供应链成员的减排努力具有外部正效应，且其行为策略因心理特征而广泛偏离最优的情形，考虑由上下游企业组成的低碳供应链中，只要有一方减排而另一方不减排，减排的一方就会感觉到不公平。 本文以双方的Nash 讨价还价解作为公平参考点刻画减排方的公平关切行为，构建不同策略组合下的支付矩阵， 研究消费者低碳偏好和供应商、制造商公平关切对链上成员减排投资策略和收益的影响以及成员间在减排过程中的相互作用， 最终得到能够有效抑制对方搭便车并保证自身减排收益的公平条件。 研究发现： 从碳系数的角度， 低碳供应链中只有一方减排投资时， 减排方迫切希望其他行为主体也能够参与减排；供应商减排投资所带来的消费者支付意愿的增强效应大于制造商或者供应商减排成本效率小于制造商两种情形下， 低碳供应链中供应商都应投入更多的减排努力； 供应商的减排水平随其公平关切程度的增加而减小，而制造商的减排水平与其公平关切程度无关。 上述结论能够为供应链企业的减排投资决策提供智力支持。     

公平关切下供应链协同创新中的知识共享行为博弈

供应链协同创新中的知识共享行为能实现知识资源在不同企业的优化配置, 能提升成员企业协同创新效率, 节约知识获取和再利用成本。本文考虑供应链成员企业公平偏好行为, 构建一个制造商和两个零售商组成的供应链协同创新中的知识共享博弈模型, 以零售商均为公平中性时供应链协同创新中的知识共享均衡策略为基准, 对比研究零售商的横向公平偏好和纵向公平偏好对供应链知识共享协同创新均衡策略的影响, 并对结论进行数值模拟。分析结果表明： 知识溢出效应能够提升零售商的知识共享努力水平; 零售商的横向公平偏好和纵向公平偏好对零售商的知识共享努力水平、销售努力水平、批发价格以及制造商的知识共享努力水平的影响不尽相同; 零售商的横向公平偏好和纵向公平偏好对零售商的协同创新效用和制造商的协同创新利润并不总是起到积极作用。     

建筑工程施工合同执行中的几个问题的探讨

建筑工程施工合同是规范建设单位与施工单位经营行为的重要的法律性件，但在执行和签订的过程中却存在着执行不严、工程款拨付不合理、质量工期奖罚不公平、主体地位不平等、合同管理机构缺乏性等问题，为了规范建筑市场，针对上述问题提出了一些解决办法，企盼有关部门及法制单位应引起重视并加以解决。     

对分配制度中几个问题的思考

针对分配中存在的问题，认为企业分配制度应从五个方面进行改革：①搞好分配，必须以人为本；②关于重奖重罚措施的心理机制问题；③关于公平问题；④关于个人与集体之间的关系问题；⑤关于分配办法的多样化问题。     

试论工程建设招标投标活动的诚信建设

多年来政府建设行政管理部门采取各种方式引导、规范工程建设领域招标投标活动的种种行为，营造建筑市场的良好环境，努力提高当事人的法律意识和综合素质。而今工程建设招标投标活动已经发展到了一个较为完善的阶段，但距成熟的市场运行状态要求还有较大差距。尤其是建筑市场和招标投标活动中还存在一些不规范、不公平、甚至是违法的行为，因此如何保证工程建设招标投标活动的公开、公平、公正和诚实信用原则，是工程建设招标投标监管部门在认真探索的重要课题。     

The Formation of Fairness Perceptions in the Cooperation between Entrepreneurs and Universities

For entrepreneurs who intend to exploit university‐owned technologies, a cooperative relationship with the university is critical. This study aims to better understand this entrepreneur–university cooperation. A key factor influencing the quality of this cooperation is the fairness perception of the entrepreneur. However, little is known about how these fairness perceptions are formed in this context. Therefore, to increase insight in entrepreneur–university cooperation, this study explores the formation of fairness perceptions by entrepreneurs who cooperate with universities (in so‐called university spin‐offs). This study assesses how the rules these entrepreneurs employ to form fairness perceptions differ from fairness rules that have been established in previous studies on organizational justice. The results show that, in addition to established fairness rules, there are also fairness rules that are more specific to this entrepreneurial setting. These specific rules complement the established fairness rules to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the formation of fairness perceptions by entrepreneurs cooperating with a university. Moreover, this study explores to what extent different entrepreneurs form fairness perceptions differently and finds that both experience and relational capital of the entrepreneurs within the university are two key sources of heterogeneity. Overall, this study contributes to the literature by conceptualizing how entrepreneurs form fairness perceptions in cooperating with universities and how this extends established wisdom in organizational justice theory. Moreover, the rules identified in this study provide clues for entrepreneurs who wish to improve their collaboration with universities, and may also apply to the relationships between entrepreneurs and large corporations and between entrepreneurs and venture capitalists.     

An Examination of Procedural Justice Principles in China and the U.S.

This paper examines procedural justice principles from a cultural perspective, and examines the relationships between three dimensions of national culture (uncertainty avoidance, societal emphasis on collectivism, and gender egalitarianism), three principles of procedural justice (consistency, social sensitivity, and account-giving), and judgments of fairness. The results suggest that culture can influence employees' perceptions of the fairness of procedural justice principles; different dimensions of national culture influence different principles of procedural justice. The principle of social sensitivity was perceived as fairer in collectivistic China than in individualistic U.S. In addition, differences between men and women in perceived fairness of account-giving were exaggerated in China (a culture low in gender egalitarianism) and attenuated in the U.S. (a culture high in gender egalitarianism).     

郑煤机集团激励性薪酬福利体系的构建及实践

介绍了郑煤机集团激励性薪酬体系的构建思路和实践,并提出"培训是最大福利"的价值观点,认为薪酬体系对内的公平性主要体现为对不同员工进行不同的培训,培训是一种有效的激励手段,也最具公平性、激励性。     

Treating the crowd fairly: Increasing the solvers’ self-selection in idea innovation contests

The success of idea crowdsourcing contests depends on the wideness of the number of solvers that voluntarily self-select to solve the problem broadcast by the seeker and previous research has started to highlight the role of fairness in the self-selection process of solvers. This study aims at deepening the understanding concerning how fairness can influence the solvers’ self-selection. By applying a netnographic research design, we identify possible unexplored facets of fairness in the crowdsourcing context, i.e., prize award, award guaranteed, and non-blind contest. Theoretically, we drew from the organizational justice and fairness literature to develop hypotheses about how the three fairness elements affect solvers’ participation in idea crowdsourcing contests. Then, to empirically test the hypotheses, we performed an econometric analysis building on a distinctive dataset of 1067 contests, broadcast on the 99designs crowdsourcing platform. We found that the three fairness factors which emerged from the netnography have a positive impact on the self-selection of solvers. The results of this study offer important contributions to previous literature and provide several implications for organizations and contest organizers in the idea crowdsourcing context.     

Procedural fairness and interfirm cooperation in strategic alliances

This study applies the justice theory to address interpartner cooperation in strategic alliances. It emphasizes how procedural fairness as perceived by boundary spanners in these alliances influences cooperation outcomes. We theorize that procedural fairness improves cooperation results through enhancing relational value and curtailing relational risk in an environment characterized by both economic and social exchange. Our path analysis suggests that procedural fairness has a direct effect on operational outcome, but an indirect effect on financial outcome via increased trust driven by fairness. Procedural fairness contributes more to performance outcomes when strategic alliances are equity joint ventures than if they are contractual agreements. Theoretical and managerial implications arising from the findings are highlighted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Managing contracts for fairness in buyer–supplier exchanges

Despite the centrality of fairness in the moral and social fabric of governance, few studies relate fairness to contracting research. This paper assesses whether fairness accounts for the effects of contractual complexity and contractual recurrence on exchange performance. Based on a sample of 283 buyer–supplier dyads, we find that procedural fairness partially mediates the effect of contractual complexity, whereas distributive fairness partially mediates the effect of contractual recurrence in fostering exchange performance. Moreover, monitoring better supports the use of contractual complexity, whereas socializing better supports the use of contractual recurrence in enhancing fairness perceptions. These results suggest that contractual design must go beyond its safeguarding function to establish a fair frame of reference, and managers should complement contracts with appropriate practices (e.g., monitoring or socializing). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of program fairness in asymmetrical channel relationships

Managing distributor compliance with manufacturer-initiated programs is critical to both program success and relationship enhancement. This study examines how a manufacturer might better motivate distributors with varying levels of dependence. Previous research suggests that two variables influence distributor compliance: economic incentives and dependence dynamics. Drawing from fairness heuristic theory, this study extends previous research by investigating the role of fairness in affecting compliance and long-term relationships. The authors observe the contingent effect of fairness along various levels of distributor dependence. In the context of a naturally occurring program, the authors collect data from a focal manufacturer's distribution channel and find that (1) fairness perceptions have significant impacts on both compliance and relational outcomes, (2) the efficacy of program fairness declines as distributor dependence increases, and (3) distributor dependence increases the effect of economic incentives on compliance. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.     

When Will Employees Embrace Managers' Technological Innovations? The Mediating Effects of Employees' Perceptions of Fairness on Their Willingness to Accept Change and its Legitimacy

Innovation researchers have thoroughly discussed how attitudes toward innovation influence people's intentions to use it. Most prior research tried to explore employees' acceptance of technological change through the lens of change initiators; however, using a manager's or the “great man's” perspective to explain change recipients' reaction to an innovation is indirect and peripheral. This paper argues that innovation should be studied directly from the perspective of change recipients, and that their perceptions of fairness in the wake of an innovation become a key factor in their willingness to accept it. More specifically, this paper argues that the recipients' fairness perceptions mediate the impact of innovation characteristics (operationalized as “usefulness” and “ease of use”) and implementation approach on their acceptance and belief in the legitimacy of the innovation. Two studies investigated the hypothesized mediating effects of procedural fairness/outcome fairness. The field study was conducted in a real‐world technological innovation setting, but raised questions about whether the causal effect of the mediating model really existed. The scenario study was conducted in a semi‐experimental condition which had high internal validity and guaranteed the cause–effect relation. Hence, the research design of the two studies complemented each other. The multiple regression analyses using the criteria proposed by Baron and Kenny were used to test the mediating models in the paper. Moreover, both Sobel tests and bootstrapping methods were used to guarantee that the mediating paths do exist among the independent variables, mediators, and the dependent variables. Both the field study and the scenario study showed that most of our hypotheses were supported, and change recipients had strong psychological reactions to the innovation and how the innovation was implemented in terms of fairness perceptions. Change recipients' perception of procedural and outcome fairness mediated the impact of innovation characteristics and implementation approach on their acceptance of the innovation and the perceived legitimacy of the innovation. The results disclosed that the change recipients' fairness perceptions were a key step for their sense‐making process of an innovation and its implementation. The results also indicated that studying change from recipients' perspective, as well as trying to understand their fairness perceptions, can broaden our knowledge about change. Other theoretical and practical implications were also discussed.     

收入分配改革：现状与反思

我国经济在快速增长的同时,居民收入差距也在不断扩大。为了抑制收入差距急剧扩大,克服社会公平与经济增长相悖,现阶段我国的政策由“效率优先,兼顾公平”到大力强调收入分配要更加注重“社会公平”。如何在注重效率的同时更加注重社会公平以及公平在初次分配中的重要意义,成为我国现阶段亟待解决的问题。     

Do supplier perceptions of buyer fairness lead to supplier sales growth?

Despite the growing number of studies focusing on fairness perceptions in buyer–supplier relationships, the pertinent literature mostly focuses on understanding the buyers' perceptions of fairness. In this study, we argue that sellers' perceptions of the fairness of the buyer are equally important but often overlooked. Moreover, existing research fails to provide empirical evidence for examining the long-term effects of fairness on sales growth. We address these gaps by reporting the results of a longitudinal study based on both primary data collected from automotive suppliers in 2009, and objective sales data for these suppliers from an automotive manufacturer over a three-year period after 2009. We employ a latent growth curve model, which reveals that only interactional and distributive fairness have a positive and significant effect on both trust and commitment. Our analysis further reveals that the positive effect of trust and commitment on sales growth is smaller as the supplier's level of dependency on the car manufacturer increases. When the buyer's perception of dependence is considered, these effects are reversed. Several managerial implications of these findings are provided.