行业壁垒视角下的吉利汽车发展之路

私营公司在转型经济中的成长一直伴随着不断的对抗和消除进入壁垒。在转型经济体中,行业壁垒不仅仅来自一般市场环境中的竞争压力,更多的是来自转型经济体特定行业的政府监管的管制壁垒的压力。本文详细介绍了吉利汽车这家有代表性的民营企业的成长与中国转型经济特定制度环境下的准入壁垒之间的关系。以吉利汽车为例讲述了企业如何历经重重困难打破行业壁垒并不断发展到如今的规模的。并总结吉利汽车发展的经验找到其成功的关键。     

关于军品定价策略的博弈分析

近年来,我国国防科技工业逐步打破军品行业部门界限,引入竞争机制,支持非军工企业和高技术民营企业进入军品市场,采办方式由过去的定点采办加速向公开招标、邀请招标、竞争性谈判和询价采办等多种方式转变,政府、军方、企业三方博弈的利益格局已经出现,军品适度竞争的态势已经来临,军品定价将发生什么样的变化？需要我们认真地研究。     

试析沉没成本对企业进入市场的影响

在行业规模固定不变的情况下,沉没成本的大小成为阻碍部分潜在企业进入这一行业的因素之一。通过理论推导和数值模拟论证表明,低沉没成本的企业组合具有较低的行业总体沉没成本和较高的总体社会财富,优于高沉没成本企业组合,从而将高沉没成本企业阻挡在行业之外。     

政府补贴、市场进入壁垒对民营企业绩效的影响——基于中国民营上市公司的实证研究

本文基于2013年中国民营上市公司的经验数据,实证检验了政府补贴、市场进入壁垒对民营企业绩效的影响。研究结果发现：①政府补贴对东部和北部地区民营企业绩效的积极影响最大,中部其次,东部最小,这说明政府补贴能够显著促进民营企业绩效增长,且呈现出显著的 区域差异性;②从全国来看,民营企业能否进入高壁垒行业对企业绩效的影响并不显著,但 民营企业进入高壁垒行业的程度却对企业绩效具有显著的积极影响;从分区域来看,东部和中部地区民营企业能否进入高壁垒行业对企业绩效产生显著的正向影响,而只在东部地区民营企业进入高壁垒行业的程度对企业绩效具有显著的积极影响,在西部地区却对企业绩效产 生显著的负面影响;③从总体上看,相对于市场进入壁垒而言,政府补贴对民营企业绩效的影响更大。因此,当民营企业进入高壁垒行业的成本过高时,政府给予民营企业的财政补贴可以弥补过高进入壁垒对企业绩效产生的负面影响。     

可竞争市场上的进入壁垒——非经济垄断的理论和实证分析北大核心CSSCI

本文把垄断和竞争放在统一的理论框架内分析,因而能够发现中国大量存在的垄断与竞争交织的市场结构,能够发现在可竞争市场上也存在着局部垄断,存在着许多不公平竞争,这些行为表现为系统的偏离均衡的结果。本文通过企业成本模型,区分和厘清了垄断的不同性质,从理论上界定了非经济垄断的范畴,并提出相应的假设;然后,采用中国1998—2008年部分企业数据,选择了六个同质性较高的行业,通过对成本函数和勒纳指数的测定,以及对成本曲线的拟合与比较,检验这种性质的垄断是否存在。实证分析结果证实并表明这种非经济垄断长期和稳定地存在于不同所有制的企业之间。这种垄断与公平竞争的市场经济是完全相悖的,它保护了低效率的长期存在,不仅导致社会资源错配引起的社会效率和福利的损失,而且导致公平的损失是存在大量腐败现象的根源。由此,本文提出:调整目前产业法规及政策细则,打破非经济垄断和促进合理竞争,消除市场的进入壁垒与退出壁垒。     

从设计环节控制航天军品成本的研究（下）

五、实施的关键 1.转变思想观念 为了实施军品成本设计控制,首要的问题应该是航天企业全体人员需要转变思想观念,真正树立“既重成功、又重成本”的理念,所有相关人员应当树立“设计决定成本”的意识。由于航天军品的特殊性及计划经济环境下养成的成本控制意识比较淡薄的思想由来已久,     

从设计环节控制航天军品成本的研究（上）

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的逐步完善和军品市场竞争机制的引入,军品的性能、质量、成本、生产周期和服务日益成为竞争的焦点。根据微观经济学的经济人假设,航天企业作为市场经济环境下的一个经营实体,追求利润最大化是其本能的属性,因此成本问题对航天企业全面、协调、可持续发展就显得至关重要。在成本领先战略、差异化战略、重点集中战略三种基本战略中,成本领先战略已越来越受到航天企业更多的关注。     

外资进入我国成品油市场的应对之策研究

2006年外资进入我国成品油市场，打破了国内成品油市场由中国石油和中国石化两家巨头垄断的情况，形成市场主体和投资主体的多元化，油品价格形成机制市场化的格局。面对由此而形成的挑战，我国石油企业应从自身出发，改变经营机制，同时国家要加强法制监管，才能顺利渡过“双放开”这个中国成品油市场化必须逾越的阶段。     

进入WTO——中国汽车如何在国际市场取胜

通用汽车公司是在６年前开始与中国同行讨论汽车流通营销问题的。那时的讨论还只是停留在一些概念上。现在的情况就有所不同了。中国改革开放已经取得了重大的成果观念也有了很大的进步。今天我们又一次见面我从美国带来一些想法与大家分享，探讨在国外营销发展方向是什么...     

The Impact of Product Portfolio Strategy on Financial Performance: The Roles of Product Development and Market Entry Decisions

Innovation is one of the most important issues facing business today. The major difficulty in managing innovation is that managers must do so against a constantly shifting backdrop as technologies, competitors, and markets constantly evolve. Managers determine the product portfolio through key decisions about product development and market entry. Key strategic questions are what portfolio strategies provide the greatest reward. The purpose of this study is to understand the relative financial values of each component of a product portfolio. Specifically, the paper examines the short‐term and long‐term financial impacts of product development strategy and market entry strategy. These strategies reflect two critical tensions that must be balanced in product portfolio decision making and essentially determine a firm's product portfolio. In doing so, the paper also investigates how a firm's capabilities drive each component of a product portfolio. From the empirical analyses in the context of the biomedical device industry, the paper found important insights regarding product portfolio strategies. First, a large product portfolio helps a firm's financial performance. In particular, the pioneering new products have strongest impacts on short‐term performances, and nonpioneering mature products do not provide significant contribution. Second, the results indicate a persistent first‐mover advantage. The first‐to‐market new products yield not only an immediate effect, but also persistent long‐term effects, suggesting that it is important to be first in the market even though there may be short‐term losses. Third, the results suggest the need to balance between “mature” and “new” products. Also, firms need to balance “first‐to‐market” and “late‐entered” products. Because a new or pioneering product requires more resource, it may hurt other products in the portfolio. Thus, without support from mature or follower products, new products and pioneering products alone may not increase firm sales or profit. Fourth, from a long‐term perspective, the paper found that the financial market only rewards a firm's overall capability to deliver new products first in the marketplace. Thus, short‐term performance is mainly driven by product‐level innovativeness, whereas firm‐level innovativeness enhances forward‐looking long‐term performance. Fifth, the paper also found that pioneering new products are driven by integrating both primary and complementary technological capabilities. And nonpioneering new products are mainly driven by the capabilities in primary technology domain. These results provide important insight into the relative value and timing of return on investment in radical versus incremental innovation and alternative market entry strategies. By understanding the performance trade‐offs of these different factors in the short and long term, one can develop better guidelines for optimizing innovation strategies, and their dependence on both external and internal environmental conditions.     

Pseudo-Generic Products and Barriers to Entry in Pharmaceutical Markets

This paper examines incentives for brand-name pharmaceutical producers to market pseudo-generic versions of their own branded products upon the expiry of patent protection.Using a two-stage game model, we determine that under plausible demand and cost conditions, brand-name incumbents can find it profitable to produce pseudo-generics as a means of blocking rivals' entry even when independent firms producing true generics face low entry costs.The model shows that social welfare can be higher when firms use pseudo-generics instead of capacity for entry deterrence as long as substitutability between brand-name and generic products is sufficiently high.     

Reducing Structural Dominance and Entry Barriers in Russian Industry

While many industrial firms in Russiahave undergone ownership change, relatively few havecompetitively restructured. This paper, using survey and other data, suggests much of Russian industry is immune from robust competition due to seller/buyer concentration in select markets, a high degree of vertical integration, and geographic segmentation. Regulatory constraints protect incumbent firms from entrants, both domestic and foreign. The absence of new businesses is striking. Restructuringanti-competitive structures and reducing barriers to entry should be key items in Russia'spost-privatization program, and the paper sketches out a reform agenda. The nascent rules-based framework for competition policy should be strengthened to reduce discretion, increase transparency and enhance accountability.     

地方保护和市场分割的损失

本文运用数据包络分析方法对2000年中国30个省区市21个制造业部门的经济绩效进行了分析。结果表明，如果消除各省区市产出配置结构扭曲，以及生产要素在省区市之间配置结构扭曲，可以在不增加任何投入的情况下，使中国该年度制造业产出增长大约5％。     

Spectrum Licensing,Policy Instruments and Market Entry

Competition policy attempts to address the potential for market failure by encouraging competition in service markets. Often, in wireless communication service markets, national regulatory authorities seek to encourage entry via the spectrum assignment process. Instruments used include the assignment mode (auction or beauty contest), setting aside licenses and providing bidding (price and quantity) credits for potential entrants, and making more licenses (spectrum blocks) available than there are incumbent firms (excess licenses). The empirical analysis assesses the effectiveness of these policy instruments on encouraging entry. The econometric results show that the probability of entry is enhanced by using auction assignments and excess licenses. Furthermore, quantity, but not price, concessions encourage entry.     

中国大飞机产业化的市场约束与进入条件

中国大飞机项目成功的关键在于实现产业化,而能否产业化又取决于市场基础。由于民用大飞机产业属于买方约束条件十分严格的市场,中国大飞机项目产业化的基本立足点应该是储备进入市场的条件。目前中国国内民用航空市场的结构状况不利于国产大飞机进入市场,应当对航空公司作进一步重组的市场制度安排。为了能使中国的大飞机在实现规模化生产之前就能获得“买家”的订单,有必要在航空运输市场重组现有的航空公司,减少航空公司的数量,鼓励更有实力的航空公司的涌现。     

Licensing Exam Difficulty and Entry Salaries in the US Market for Lawyers

This article provides evidence of a correlation between licensing exam difficulty and salaries in a regulated profession. Exam difficulty is positively correlated with salaries across states and over time, both at the aggregate and individual state levels. The magnitude of this correlation is substantial: a 1 per cent increase in exam difficulty implies a 1.7 per cent increase in median entry‐level salaries. Exam difficulty does not significantly affect the inter‐quartile difference in salaries.     

Vertical Product Differentiation, Entry-Deterrence Strategies, and Entry Qualities

We analyze the potential entry of a new product into a vertically differentiated market. Here the entry-deterrence strategies of the incumbent firm rely on “limit qualities.” The model assumes quality-dependent marginal production costs and considers sequential quality choices by an incumbent and an entrant. Entry-quality decisions and the entry-deterrence strategies are related to the fixed cost necessary for entry and to the degree of consumers’ taste for quality. We detail the conditions under which the incumbent increases its quality level to deter entry. Quality-dependent marginal production costs in the model entail the possibility of inferior-quality entry as well. Welfare is not necessarily improved when entry is encouraged rather than deterred.