管理层持股与审计师事务所规模

本文假定大的审计师事务所所提供较高质量的审计服务.通过检验管理层持股比例和审计师事务所规模的关系,检验代理理论的预测.通过管理层持股比例和代理成本之间关系和会计事务所规模和审计质量的结合,代理理论预测代理成本和雇佣高质量的会计师事务所之间是正相关关系     

会计师事务所合并对审计收费的影响研究

本文以2006年至2008年间我国证券审计市场中会计师事务所合并案例为研究样本,对审计收费与事务所合并行为及其带来的事务所规模扩大之间的关系进行回归分析,考察了会计师事务所合并对其审计收费的影响.研究发现,在控制了客户的规模、客户报表的复杂程度、客户的风险、审计意见类型等因素之后,事务所之间的合并行为和由此带来的事务所规模的扩大与审计收费之间存在显著的正向相关关系,这也从一个侧面提供了有关事务所合并的经济后果的经验证据.     

会计师事务所客户选择与审计风险

注册会计师是否能够应对日益增加的审计诉讼风险,不但取决于其执业过程中能否保持应有的执业谨慎态度,还在一定程度上取决于客户面临的风险水平。本文在对我国会计师事务所客户选择的现状进行简要分析的基础上研究客户选择与会计师事务所审计风险之间的关系,并提出相关建议以降低审计风险。     

审计风险的识别与防范——基于大智慧财务欺诈案例

近年来,在监管部门对证券市场的高压监管下,发现了一些上市公司有财务欺诈行为,并对上市公司和为其提供审计服务的会计师事务所给予了严厉的处罚,致使会计师事务所面临极大风险.因此,如何识别审计风险并做好防范措施关系到会计师事务所的根本利益.论文首先从审计风险的定义切入,并分析了其成因,接着对如何识别审计风险给出了具体的建议,最后提出防范措施,希望对会计师事务所防范审计风险提供一定的帮助.     

上市公司法律风险与审计收费——来自中国上市公司的经验证据北大核心

本文实证检验了法律风险对审计收费的影响。结果发现:上市公司的法律风险和审计收费显著正相关。进一步研究表明,国内会计师事务所审计的上市公司,法律风险和审计收费显著正相关,而由"四大"会计师事务所审计的上市公司,法律风险和审计收费相关性不显著。这可以用审计质量溢价来解释,比起国内会计师事务所,"四大"会计师事务所存在明显的审计质量溢价,在审计定价时,法律风险不是主要影响因素。     

会计稳健性与审计收费:基于审计风险控制策略的分析

随着监管趋于更加严格,会计师事务所承担的法律责任和赔偿也越来越高。如何采取有效措施防范和控制风险,最大可能地降低损失,已经成为会计师事务所的重要议题。本文对2001至2006年我国上市公司展开研究后发现:作为一种风险控制策略,强制审计客户保持一定的会计稳健性能够降低审计风险,从而降低审计收费;但稳健性发挥作用受到法律环境和诉讼风险的影响,仅对同时发行A股和其他类型股票的企业起到了显著作用。较高审计收费的风险控制策略与强制客户保持一定稳健性的风险控制策略之间存在替代关系。     

新审计风险模型下中小型会计师事务所风险防范研究

我国中小型会计师事务所数量众多,执业质量良莠不齐,同行竞争压力较大,抵御风险的意识和能力不强,面临的审计风险较高。研究中小型会计师事务所面临的风险及其规避关系着中小型会计师事务所的做大做强,对我国会计师事务所行业的发展具有十分重要的意义。本文站在中小型会计师事务所的角度,分析新审计风险模型下中小型会计师事务所如何规避审计风险谋求自身发展。     

审计意见的决定因素：来自中国上市公司的证据

利用中国上市公司和相应会计师事务所2001—2003年的综列数据,本文研究了审计意见和会计师事务所规模、上市公司的风险和盈余管理等因素之间的关系。本文发现有破产风险的、进行盈余管理的或小规模的上市公司更可能得到非标准审计意见。如果它们又是大会计师事务所的客户,则得到非标意见的概率更大。本文不支持合资会计师事务所的审计质量更高的结论。     

审计师收取客户债务风险溢价了吗?

已有研究发现,公司债务风险越高,审计师收取的审计费用越高;然而,审计费用提高的原因可能是审计投入的增加,也可能是审计师收取客户公司的债务风险溢价。由于缺少审计投入的数据,已有研究无法回答审计师是否收取客户公司债务风险溢价的问题。本文以我国A股上市公司为研究样本,运用我国独到的审计工时数据,就此展开相关问题研究。研究发现,在控制了审计投入之后,客户债务风险与审计费用显著正相关,表明审计师收取了客户公司的债务风险溢价。进一步研究表明,审计师对财务状况较差和治理较差的公司以及非国有企业收取更高的债务风险溢价,规模较小的会计师事务所收取的债务风险溢价高于规模较大的会计师事务所。     

证监会全面检查会计师事务所能提高审计质量吗？——基于“双随机、一公开”的准自然实验

提升审计质量离不开有效的外部监管。证监会对会计师事务所实施的全面检查能否提高其审计质量一直是学界和业界共同关心的重要问题。本文采用双重差分法研究发现,相较于未接受证监会全面检查的会计师事务所,接受证监会全面检查的会计师事务所在经历全面检查后审计质量显著提升,且这一结果主要体现在会计师事务所（审计师）客户重要性低、事务所规模大和审计客户财务复杂度低的样本中。研究结果表明,即使在审计行业面临多重监管的背景下,证监会实施的全面检查仍然对会计师事务所的审计质量提升产生了实质性影响。本文证实了证监会随机抽查制度中设置全面检查方式的积极意义,对优化审计监管方式,提高监管效率具有一定的政策启示。     

Audit Firm Tenure,Non‐Audit Services,and Internal Assessments of Audit Quality

We use data from internal assessments of audit quality in a Big 4 firm to investigate the impact of audit firm tenure and auditor‐provided non‐audit services (NAS) on audit quality. We find that first‐year audits receive lower assessments of audit quality and that quality improves shortly thereafter and then declines as tenure becomes very long. Partitioning our sample between SEC registrants and private clients, we find that the decline in audit quality in the long tenure range is attributable to audits of private clients. For audits of SEC registrants, the probability of a high quality audit reaches its maximum with very long tenure. We also find that audit fees are discounted for first‐year audits but auditor effort is higher than in subsequent years. We find no association, on average, between total NAS fees and audit quality in the full sample but observe that total NAS fees are positively associated with quality for SEC registrants and negatively associated with quality for privately held clients. Our findings are important for regulatory policies related to audit firm tenure and auditor‐provided NAS.     

The Unintended Consequences of the Frequency of PCAOB Inspection

After more than 50 years of self‐regulation of the US auditing profession, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) as a quasi‐governmental entity with statutory authority to inspect accounting firms that audit public clients. The frequency of this inspection is annual or triennial, based upon the number of public clients the firm audits. We examine the effects of these two levels of inspection frequency on financial reporting quality and audit fees for clients of small and midsize public accounting firms. Our findings provide evidence of significantly higher audit quality and audit fees for clients of annually inspected firms relative to clients of triennially inspected firms. These findings are robust to auditor‐client alignment analyses, propensity score matching, time‐series analyses, examination of firms that have changed from triennial to annual inspection, and particular examination of firms with inspection deficiencies. Overall, our study suggests that the two‐tier frequency system of PCAOB inspection may have also resulted in two‐tier audit quality and audit fee systems for small and midsize public accounting firms, with more frequent inspection leading to more rigorous and informed auditor decisions. We discuss the implications of our results for the Board and the profession at large.     

Audit market concentration,audit fees,and audit quality: A cross-country analysis of complex audit clients

Regulators around the world are concerned about the potentially harmful effects of high audit market concentration on audit pricing and quality. However, results in the overall literature have failed to reach consensus on this issue. We contribute to this debate by arguing that the audit market is segmented and that concentration in the Big 4 segment of the market leads to higher audit pricing. Accordingly, our analyses use international data and focus on concentration within the Big 4 group of firms across countries. We find that audit fees are increasing in our concentration measure for clients where the barriers to entry by competing auditors are higher, as proxied by client size, international operations, and IFRS use. Finally, we find evidence that audit quality is decreasing in Big 4 market concentration for these types of engagements. This indicates a wealth transfer from shareholders to audit firms when auditor concentration is high because these complex clients are charged more, but receive audits that are of lower quality.     

内部控制审计风险模型研究

由于对内部控制的审计是对过程进行审计,它在概念上与对结果(财务报表)的审计有显著不同,因此审计师需要一个不同的风险模型以对内部控制的审计提供概念上的指导。本文提出的内部控制审计风险模型着重于严重弱点风险,而不是重大错报风险,从而帮助审计师在内部控制审计和整合审计中决定内部控制审计程序的性质、时间和范围。     

Responsiveness of Auditors to the Audit Risk Standards: Unique Evidence from Big 4 Audit Firms

We examine the effect of changes in audit risk standards on the conduct of financial statement audits in a European setting. We investigate this by analysing the audit hours and audit fees for clients of Big 4 audit firms in Finland in 1996 and 2010. Our results show that audit firms became more sensitive to clients’ business risk due to the introduction of the new audit risk standards, with more audit hours allocated to owner-managed companies in 2010 than in 1996, and fewer audit hours allocated to low-risk clients in 2010 than in 1996. Also, the labour mix in the audit team changed for owner-managed companies, with a greater work load carried by junior auditors in 2010 than in 1996. Regarding the price of audit, we find an increase in audit fees for clients with high business risk, while audit fees remained at roughly the same level for low-risk clients. These findings should be of interest to the auditing profession and those involved in the development of auditing regulations.     

Opening Up the “Black Box” of Audit Firms: The Effects of Audit Partner Ownership on Audit Adjustments

Audit firms need to provide high-quality audits but they also need to please their clients. We argue that these conflicting incentives become manifest when comparing the incentive effects of equity ownership on engagement quality (EQ) reviewers and audit engagement partners. We predict that EQ reviewers monitor audit quality more closely when they hold greater ownership. In contrast, we expect that equity ownership has conflicting effects on the incentives of engagement partners because they need to please their clients as well as provide high-quality audits. Consistent with these predictions, we find that the associations between audit adjustments and partner equity ownership are (1) significantly positive for EQ reviewers, (2) significantly negative or insignificant for audit engagement partners, and (3) significantly more positive for EQ reviewers than engagement partners. Our findings suggest that larger ownership stakes motivate EQ reviewers to monitor audit quality more closely, whereas larger ownership stakes do not motivate engagement partners to deliver higher quality audits.     

Group audits: Are audit quality and price associated with the Lead auditor’s decision to accept responsibility?

Lead auditors frequently rely on work performed by Other auditors, especially when auditing clients with operations in multiple countries. The PCAOB has expressed concern that the quality of such group audits may differ depending on whether the Lead auditor accepts or declines responsibility for work done by Other auditors. The PCAOB also has been concerned with the venue through which Lead auditors and Other auditors disclose their participation in group audits, including disclosure of whether Lead auditors accept or decline responsibility. To investigate these issues, we employ a sample consisting entirely of group audit engagements. We identify Lead auditors taking responsibility from PCAOB Form 2, filed by Other auditors of U.S. registrants for fiscal years 2009 to 2017. We identify Lead auditors not accepting responsibility from audit report disclosures during the same period. The results suggest that Lead auditors accepting responsibility charge higher audit fees but provide audits of no higher quality, and possibly of even lower quality. These results are robust to various additional analyses. Our research contributes to the ongoing debate over how the participation of Other auditors affects audit quality.     

对外直接投资、控制风险与上市公司审计费用

本文在国家实施"走出去"战略的背景下,研究企业对外直接投资对审计费用的影响。研究以2007~2018年我国A股上市公司为样本,发现进行对外直接投资的企业,审计费用显著高于没有对外直接投资的企业,说明审计师能够识别因企业对外直接投资导致的审计风险的上升和审计成本的增加,并通过增加审计费用的方式予以补偿;且此差异不因产权性质和企业所在地市场化水平而异;采用改变样本量、PSM及多时点DID等进行稳健性检验后,研究结论保持不变。进一步分析发现,如果企业内部控制质量较高,控制风险水平较低,则对外直接投资与审计费用之间的关系会弱化,表明控制风险在对外直接投资与审计费用之间起到调节作用,且此作用仅在非国有控股及市场化水平较高地区的企业中显著。     

Herbal Pharma Inc.: Conducting an Effective Group Audit*

As the relative weight of global economic activity continues to shift toward non-OECD countries (OECD 2018), audit firms are more likely to encounter clients with significant business operations in foreign jurisdictions. The associated need to engage and oversee local component auditors in these jurisdictions can lead to challenges arising from different business cultures and the resulting intra-audit miscommunications. Audit deficiencies related to these challenges have been detected by regulators (PCAOB 2011, 2010; CPAB 2012, 2015). Standard setters such as the IAASB and the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AASB) have responded by issuing an exposure draft proposing revisions to ISA 600 (IAASB 2020) and CAS 600 (AASB 2020) to strengthen the auditor's approach and provide enhanced guidance to practitioners. In light of this evolving area of assurance, this case was developed to deepen students' understanding of both group and component audits in an international context. The case takes the perspective of the group auditor and features an audit senior in a specialized role overseeing the component audit of a client's increasingly material Chinese subsidiary. Deficiencies in the prior year component audit, along with a change in the component auditor, further underlines the importance of robust risk analysis for the upcoming engagement.