Earnings inequality and unemployment in South Africa

Unemployment and earnings inequality have moved together remarkably closely in South Africa in recent years. This article explores the relationship between unemployment and earnings inequality in South Africa, investigating the extent to which changes in unemployment can account for changes in earnings inequality. Static and dynamic decompositions of earnings inequality by employment status reveal the centrality of unemployment in accounting for the both level and trend of earnings inequality. The distribution of employment in the formal and informal sectors is found to be of lesser importance in explaining earnings inequality, as is wage dispersion within each of these categories. The findings point to the central importance of reducing unemployment in South Africa if the extremely high levels of inequality are to be reduced.     

The Earnings of Immigrant Men in Australia: Assimilation, Cohort Effects, and Macroeconomic Conditions

This paper analyzes the earnings of immigrant men in Australia using data from Income Distribution Surveys for 1982, 1986 and 1990. The paper expands on the standard approach used in the literature to evaluate immigrant earnings adjustment by considering the impact of current labour market conditions and conditions at labour market entry on current earnings. Immigrants from non-English speaking backgrounds have significantly lower earnings on arrival in Australia compared with native-born males, and this gap is not narrowed as years in Australia increase. However, poorer macroeconomic conditions at entry are found to have a significantly smaller negative effect on the earnings of immigrants from non-English speaking backgrounds than native-born males.     

The returns to general experience,job and occupational tenure: a study using Australian panel data

This article uses Australian panel data for the years 2001–2009 to estimate returns to general experience, job and occupational tenure. We pay particular attention to issues of unobserved heterogeneity bias in our estimations. We find that both general experience and occupational tenure have statistically and numerically significant effects on wage outcomes, even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. Job tenure on the other hand only seems to matter in OLS regressions that do not control for heterogeneity biases. Once these biases are controlled for, only a modest effect from job tenure remains. The inclusion of occupational tenure in the estimating equation tends to negate even this modest job tenure effect. The only exception to this is for workers in large organizations. For these workers a small but statistically significant effect from job tenure remains, even once we have controlled for heterogeneity and included occupational tenure in the estimating equation. The results reported in this article have implications for the various theories of the labour market that predict upward-sloping wage-job-tenure profiles.     

农民合作经济组织产生的成本-收益分析

农民合作经济组织是市场经济发展到一定阶段的必然产物。作为一种农村微观经济组织创新,它所带来的收益主要来自节约交易成本的收益、规模经济收益、技术进步收益、一体化经营收益、减少不确定性及规避市场风险的收益和维护经济地位的收益,而其成本则包括融资成本和制度成本。只有当预期收益大于预期成本时,组织创新才会发生。因此,只有不断降低组织创新的预期成本,才能形成合作组织广泛产生和蓬勃发展的局面。     

业绩预告的市场反应研究

本文以业绩预告信息为例,研究会计盈余的市场反应问题。我们的研究发现,关于年度会计盈余的业绩预告引起了明显的市场反应,但中性的预告信息则获得负的累计超额报酬,这表明在我国特殊的制度背景下,以随机游走模型确定未预期盈余存在一定的缺陷。同时,市场对坏消息反应更为剧烈,这说明广大投资者具备了一定的风险规避意识．市场对于不同属性的业绩预告信息的反应存在显著差异。     

资本市场开放与企业真实盈余管理——基于“陆港通”的经验证据

资本市场开放不仅是扩大国际融资、更好地利用国际金融市场的需要,而且对我国资本市场发育和上市公司行为具有多重外部治理效应。本文借助我国内地与香港资本市场互联互通机制这一准自然实验,研究资本市场开放对企业真实盈余管理的影响。研究发现:(1)总体上,“陆港通”机制的实施显著降低了标的公司真实盈余管理程度。(2)委托代理问题是企业进行盈余管理的重要原因,而“陆港通”机制开通后,能够缓解标的公司代理矛盾,进而约束管理层的真实盈余管理行为。(3)当资本市场信息环境改善、管理层面临较大股票抛售压力以及大股东监督力度较强时,“陆港通”抑制企业真实盈余管理行为的治理效果更强。本文结果表明,资本市场开放有助于提高我国上市公司财务信息披露质量及公司治理水平。     

公允价值计量对盈余管理的影响

公允价值仅仅是为了提高会计信息质量相关性而引入的一个计量属性,公允价值计量与盈余管理之间并无必然联系。但是,由于现阶段我国资本市场发展还不完善以及公允价值理论本身在运行中的一些缺陷,公允价值的引入很可能会成为上市公司进行盈余管理的工具。     

公司治理模式的国际比较与借鉴

目前国际上较为典型的公司治理模式有英荚股东主权治理、德日债权主导型公司治理、东亚和东南亚家族主导型治理和中东欧转轨经济国家公司治理四种公司治理模式,都有其自身的特点。借鉴国际先进经验并结合我国证券市场、上市公司的股权结构等制度环境及公司治理现状,设计出多元化公司治理模式是亟待解决的现实问题。     

中国亏损上市公司盈余管理研究

盈余管理的研究已有近30年的历史。近年随着中国资本市场的建立和发展,盈余管理成为实证会计研究的一个重要领域和热点问题。然而过度的盈余管理行为会干扰盈余信息使用者,也会损害投资人等企业外部相关人的利益．甚至扰乱市场秩序,影响资本市场的健康发展。对亏损上市公司盈余管理的研究,不仅有助于证券监管机构对上市公司的管理,而且可以通过问题的发现找到原因并提出科学可行的内外部综合防范措施,提高中国证券市场的资源配置功能。     

ARDL Investigation of Macroeconomic Mechanisms on ASEAN-5 Stock Earnings Equation

The objective of Autoregressive Distributed Lag （ARDL） investigation of macroeconomic mechanisms on ASEAN-5 stock earnings equation can contribute to analyzing and demonstrating macroeconomic forces acting a statistically and economically significant effect on rate of return of securities for a given time through the application of the ARDL approach to cointegration when the variables are mixed degrees of integration in cointegrated time series, i.e. I（0） and I（1）. This results in a long-run or a short-run relationship between macroeconomic force acting for a given time affecting 24 quarterly rates of return for listed companies in Information and Communication Technologies OCT） sector of Stock Exchange of Thailand （SET）, the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index （KLSE） index （Malaysia）, Financial Times Share Index （FTSI）, Philippine Stock Exchange （PSE）, and Jakarta Composite Index （JKSE） （Indonesia）. The impulses of three ASEAN macroeconomic forces---GDPt, EXt, and INTt acting for a given time influence the earnings of selected 23 1CT returns for listed companies on both domestic investments and outsider investments in the same period. This paper has investigated how other-concerning macroeconomic force acting might interrelate with rate of return of securities in the ICT sector, debt and financial innovations, in line with some significant formalized facts. The funding of capital inflow in part of ICT securities was statistically globally significant to recognize significant achievement in ICT specific pathways to distinction as the science of accomplishment. The public sector performing as a key purchaser of ICT security solutions related to integrate the ASEAN exchange members into modern capitalization can lead to adverse effects, such as risky investment-hub interventions due to the mixing financial systems in three ASEAN regional integrations through investments.     

财务分析师盈余预测精确度决定因素的实证分析

文章以2004~2005年的上市公司数据为样本,分析了我国财务分析师在预测上市公司未来盈余时影响其预测精确度的主要因素。研究发现,预测机构数量的增加、盈余可预测性以及信息披露质量的提高,将伴随着高的盈余预测精确度,而盈余波动程度越大、公司规模越大,预测的精确度则越低。同时,可预测性、盈余管理、盈余波动以及公司扩张速度对分析师的悲观预测有显著的影响,而可预测性、盈余管理以及公司规模则显著影响分析师对盈余的乐观估计。     

Macroeconomic determinants of remittances: evidence from Romania

Given the globalization of the labour market and the promotion of free movement for work, young people are looking for employment opportunities from at least two perspectives – professional careers and socio-economic benefits from employment. In developing countries, such as Romania, the labour market is less attractive, which has led to profound, numerical and structural imbalances, due to external mobility for work. Both new generations of graduates and young people aged up to 40 years, decide to work abroad as a more beneficial individual solution, i.e. remittances. The purpose of this paper is to examine the macroeconomic determinants of remittances to Romania, in order to substantiate public policies on diaspora, to adjust employment policy on the national labour market by promoting incentives to create decent, youth-friendly jobs. Using panel data model we selected several variables with potential influence on remittances level. The results demonstrate that traditional influence’s factors as distance, migration routes diaspora concentration or unemployment rate are, at present, less important than wage gap or tax rate at least for developing origin countries.     

Displacement Effects of Active Labour Market Policy: The Youth Labour Market in Finland

In 1994 the number of workers participating in active labour market programmes in Finland was 299,000. On average there where 125,000 workers in these programmes at any one time, the average length of participation in a programme being about 5 months. In relation to the 2.5 million-strong Finnish labour force, these figures are proportionally large. In 1994 the total expenditure on unemployment amounted to 6.7 per cent of GNP of which the share spent on active labour market programmes was about 25 per cent. The study investigates the displacement effects of active labour market programmes in the youth labour market in Finland. The two age groups analysed are 15-19-year-olds and 20-24-year-olds. The results, based on a VAR analysis of quarterly data from the period 1981.1-1995.2, suggest that the displacement effects of job-creation programmes may be substantial. The study cannot, however, provide any robust estimates of the likely size of such displacement effects on youth employment in Finland. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

试论盈余管理问题上各方之间的博弈关系及对策

由于中国资本市场的快速发展及会计准则的不断变更,上市公司追求价值最大化的导向,而忽视了公司其他利益相关者的利益。导致上市公司往往为获得融资或再融资而采取对公司利润进行操作,过度的盈余管理妨碍了资本市场及企业本身的健康发展同时也影响了整个社会资金的合理配置。针对上市公司的财务监管部门即会计政策制定方、证监会以及上市公司三者之间的相互博弈关系展开讨论,以寻求他们之间相互制约的最佳点。     

会计信息可比性与上市公司业绩预告外溢效应

现有信息披露对资本市场影响的实证研究主要集中研究公司信息披露与自身股价之间的关系。本文对我国上市公司2007—2017年发布的业绩预告的信息外溢效应进行了检验,发现上市公司业绩预告对行业内其他公司的市场反应具有显著解释力,表明我国资本市场业绩预告存在信息外溢现象。并且,公司间会计信息可比性越高,外溢效应越显著,表明会计信息可比性促进了公司间的信息传递,对投资者股票交易具有决策参考意义。进一步检验发现,可比性对信息外溢效应的促进作用在市场竞争更激烈的公司中更为显著。此外,预告公司和非预告公司的信息环境对信息传递的影响有所差异。本文研究结论为我国资本市场外部性现象提供经验证据,对于信息披露质量要求以及披露监管政策研究具有启示意义。     

全面推行国际财务报告准则与盈余质量——来自欧盟上市公司的经验证据

本文以2000至2007年具有独特制度背景的欧盟15国资本市场上市公司为研究样本,对欧盟2005年1月1日开始全面推行国际财务报告准则并加强各国会计协调是否提高了欧盟上市公司盈余质量进行了研究。本文以截面操纵性应计利润绝对值作为盈余质量的替代变量,研究结果发现欧盟全面推行国际财务报告准则并加强各国会计协调后上市公司具有显著更低的截面操纵性应计利润绝对值,这表明欧盟全面推行国际财务报告准则并加强各国会计协调后显著提高了欧盟上市公司盈余质量。本文进行了一系列稳健性检验证实了上述研究结论是稳健的。     

中国医药上市企业股权结构对盈余管理影响的实证研究

选择了2007—2009年中国A股医药上市企业为研究样本,对中国医药上市企业股权结构对盈余管理的影响进行了实证研究,试图为优化中国医药企业股权结构,遏制过度盈余管理提供现实依据。研究结果表明,中国医药上市企业股权性质与盈余管理不相关;第一大股东持股比例与盈余管理呈正相关关系;股权制衡度与盈余管理负相关。     

风险投资与中国IPO公司盈余管理行为的实证研究——基于深圳和香港创业板的数据

本文以2009—2011年间在我国深交所创业板上市的276家以及2002—2011年在港交所创业板上市的108家IPO公司为样本,对风险投资与盈余管理之间的关系进行研究,旨在揭示我国深圳创业板和香港创业板两个市场上,风险投资是否可以约束IPO过程中的盈余管理行为,两个市场上风投的影响程度是否相同。研究发现,在两个创业板市场上,都显著存在正向盈余管理行为,但是风险投资并没有起到认证监督作用,即没有显著抑制上市公司盈余管理行为,风险投资功效在中国市场不显著。     

从企业投资效率看盈余管理的经济后果——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

文章以2005--2009年沪深两市上市公司为样本,从投资效率的角度检验了中国现实制度背景下盈余管理的经济后果。研究发现,企业盈余管理程度与未来投资效率显著负相关,上市公司盈余管理程度越高,其未来投资效率越低。文章由此得出结论：盈余管理不仅可能误导外部投资者的判断和决策,也对企业的内部决策产生了不利影响,损害了市场资源的有效配置,因此必须采取措施抑制企业的盈余管理行为。