如何将服务贸易的比较优势转化为竞争优势

服务贸易不同于货物贸易,服务贸易的比较优势、竞争优势也与货物贸易不同。服务贸易具有不可分离性、不可触知性、不可储存性等特点。服务贸易比较优势主要是以人力资本为基础。企业的长期发展,必须将比较优势转化为竞争优势。要加快国内服务业发展,进一步开放服务贸易市场,优化和升级我国国际服务贸易结构,提高整体竞争力。     

比较优势与我国服务贸易研究

比较优势理论是国际贸易中的一个重要理论，由于服务贸易与货物贸易不同，因此决定服务贸易的比较优势也有所不同。本分析了比较优势在服务贸易中的特点，存在的问题以及如何更好地将比较优势理论应用于我国服务贸易。     

中国与欧盟贸易中的比较优势及国际分工地位

本文采用贸易竞争力指数和边际产业内贸易指数对中欧贸易中的比较优势和产业内贸易发展状况进行了分析,结果表明:中欧之间以产业间贸易为主,也存在一定程度的产业内贸易,且中欧间的产业内贸易以比较优势为基础。     

中国与印度服务贸易国际竞争力的比较研究

近年来,印度的服务业及服务贸易获得了迅速的发展,本文以中印两国服务贸易的国际竞争力为研究重点,对两国服务业及服务贸易的发展现状进行了客观评述,并借助贸易竞争指数和显性比较优势指数对两国服务贸易的国际竞争力进行量化比较,探寻影响中印两国服务贸易国际竞争力的因素,并得出相关结论及建议。     

世界水果贸易比较优势与产业内贸易研究

本文运用显示性比较优势指数和产业内贸易指数对近年来世界范围内的水果粉、糖制水果、干制水果、新鲜水果、水果汁和加工水果的比较优势和产业内贸易状况进行了深入研究,并以中法两国之间的加工水果贸易为例,试图为进一步提升我国在世界水果市场的地位和竞争力提供理论依据。     

Technical regulations and specialization in international trade

It is widely acknowledged that while technical regulations can improve welfare and facilitate markets, they can also impede trade. The trade impeding effects of technical regulations are especially worrisome for developing countries: they frequently lack the human and capital resources necessary to satisfy technical measures, and thus are more likely to be excluded from markets by technical measures. This paper uses highly disaggregated US data on agricultural, mining and manufacturing imports to examine the impact of technical regulations on trade patterns. Using instrumental variables estimation to correct for the potential endogeneity of technical regulations, the analysis suggests that technical regulations substantially impinge on poor countries' exports: their weaker capacities to satisfy technical regulations lead them to specialize away from industries with heavier regulatory burdens.     

全球服务贸易10强的服务贸易国际竞争力定量分析

本文运用比较优势指标,对全球10大服务贸易强国或地区1995年至2004年的服务贸易国际竞争力进行了定量分析。通过2004年国际竞争力系数的比较可以得出,在服务贸易国际竞争力方面存在比较优势的国家或地区依次是中国香港、西班牙、美国、英国和法国等发达国家或地区,而日本和德国却是劣势最为明显的国家。本文系统地阐述了其存在的原因及发展趋势。     

Market access, economic geography and comparative advantage: an empirical test

Traditional neoclassical models of comparative advantage suggest that, all else equal, a country with idiosyncratically strong demand for a good will be an importer of that good. However, there is a contrary tradition that emphasizes the advantages of a large home market as a foundation for exports of a good. One recent formalization of this home market approach falls within what is termed the new economic geography. This paper integrates core models of Heckscher-Ohlin and Krugman [American Economic Review 70 (1980) 950] to investigate whether such home market effects matter empirically in manufacturing for a set of OECD countries. The evidence suggests that home market effects are important for a broad segment of OECD manufacturing.     

Location advantage: Emergent and guided co-evolutions

We analyze how location advantage is created and developed at the country level. We argue that location advantage can be best understood as the result of the interaction between two distinct types of co-evolutionary processes: emergent, whereby location advantage is created as the result of agglomeration dynamics in product and factor markets; and guided, whereby location advantage is created as the result of infrastructure dynamics in institutions and endowments. We illustrate empirically the application of the co-evolutionary perspective and the differences between emergent and guided co-evolutionary processes with the analysis of the development of location advantage in the Costa Rican tourism industry.     

中日韩三国服务贸易的比较研究

本文通过对中日韩三国服务业和服务贸易现状及其服务贸易竞争优势的分析,发现中日韩三国的服务贸易RCA指数和TC指数比较接近,表明三国在服务贸易领域内的竞争力不相上下,即使在服务贸易的个别行业存在差距,但并不是很大。在全球加速服务业和服务贸易发展的今天,中日韩三国在服务贸易领域谁会更具有竞争力,只有期待各国产业调整和对未来事运的把握上。从这个角度上讲,中日韩三国都面临着同样的机遇和挑战。     

Immiserizing deindustrialization: A dynamic trade model with credit constraints

The paper develops an open economy dynamic model with bequests and credit constraints. The agricultural sector uses only labor, the industrial sector needs an indivisible investment. Under autarky, productive agriculture provides the funds needed for investment in industry and in equilibrium credit constraints are not binding. If agriculture is not sufficiently productive, the price of the industrial good must be high enough to make the industrial sector sustainable. In an open economy, if the country has the comparative advantage in agriculture, deindustrialization may occur over time. Deindustrialization is welfare-reducing when the negative wealth distributional effects swamp the gains from trade.     

Free trade agreement and transport service trade

This study investigates the effects of free trade agreements (FTAs) on trade in transport services using OECD data from 2003 to 2006. Our analysis found that FTAs had a positive overall impact on transport services for multiple countries (i.e., 26 home and 56 partner countries). The resulting positive overall impact assures that, even with the challenges associated with different layers of services and the obstacles formed by generally low trade openness in the sector, the provisions in FTAs (e.g., national treatment and market access for goods and services) promote transport service trades. Our findings suggest that the provisions in FTAs encourage economic agents to increase engagement in transport services because of expanded openness of the physical movement of goods across international borders.     

世贸组织后过渡期我国出口农产品比较优势的转型趋势——来自山东、江苏农产品出口大省的经验

比较优势是农产品出口贸易的基础。尽管近20年来我国农产品比较优势的整体水平趋于下降,但在世贸组织过渡期内我国农产品出口贸易实现良性增长。本文认为,质量成为我国农产品出口的决定性因素。面对越来越激烈的技术性壁垒,我国出口农产品正由成本优势型向质量优势型转变。     

源于比较优势的贸易所得:来自中国的证据

本文根据新古典贸易模型中的贸易所得的理论定义,对测算源于比较优势的贸易所得的基本方法及其理论基础进行了回顾和分析,在此基础上利用进出口额的现值与贸易所得的估算值之间的格兰杰逻辑关系,对中国源于比较优势的贸易所得进行了测算。本文的测算结果表明,中国源于比较优势的贸易所得的最大估算值约为GDP的5%。从比较的角度考察,这一结论的政策含义是,主要依赖劳动力资源或不可再生自然资源比较优势的贸易模式已不具备可持续发展性,建立基于动态比较优势的对外贸易战略应成为包括中国在内的发展中国家的贸易政策选择。     

On the evolution of comparative advantage in matching models

This paper examines whether comparative advantage is the long-run outcome of an evolutionary process in the open economy. It formalizes the notion that natural selection eliminates inefficient firms and thus leads to stable and perhaps efficient patterns of world trade. Instead of assuming the existence of a Walrasian auctioneer, we study two simple matching processes that coordinate trade between firms. Our central result is that specialization according to comparative advantage, with the larger country possibly incompletely specialized, is the unique evolutionarily stable state of the world economy.     

Competitive advantage through service differentiation by manufacturing companies

This paper examines the relationship among the complexity of customer needs, customer centricity, innovativeness, service differentiation, and business performance within the context of companies that have made a service transition from pure goods providers to service providers. A survey of 332 manufacturing companies provides the basis for the empirical investigation. One key finding is that a strong emphasis on service differentiation can lead to a manufacturing firm's strategies for customer centricity being less sensitive to increasingly complex customer needs, which can increase a firm's payoff for customer centricity. In contrast, the payoff from innovativeness appears to be higher if the firm focuses its resources on either product or service innovation; that is, a dual focus does not work well. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for researchers and managers.     

政府行为和经济失衡

基础设施建设是利国利民的好事,但在中国,特别是目前的情况下,对我国的结构却起到了坏的作用,从1978-2008年各省份的数据来看。基础设施投资占一个省政府支出的比例,远远高过了居民的收入,很显然是一个负相关的关系。     

The demand for safe assets in emerging economies and global imbalances: New empirical evidence

Recent economic theory has singled out mismatches between the supply and the demand of safe financial assets in emerging countries as drivers of international capital flows and, ultimately, global current account imbalances. This paper assesses empirically the contribution of such “search for safe assets” to the size and composition of emerging economies’ international asset portfolios. Excess demand for safe assets in financially less‐developed countries would imply that these countries hold disproportionately high shares of their total portfolios in foreign assets. Moreover, financially less‐developed countries would hold disproportionately high shares of their foreign portfolios in financially developed countries, which are the major producers of ostensibly safe assets. This paper finds little empirical support for these predictions. Financially less‐developed countries allocate a larger proportion of their total holdings to domestic assets. Even when focusing on their foreign portfolios, there is no evidence of a general bias towards the assets of financially developed countries. Overall, asset mismatches do not appear to explain the asset allocation of financially less‐developed countries.     

Using “biztainment” to gain competitive advantage

Biztainment is a practice by which entertainment is added to a bundle of goods and services in order to gain competitive advantage. The achievement of this goal is illustrated herein using economic examples of increased revenue, repeat business, and profits, and by extending the product lifecycle, thus ensuring survival of the firm. The general premise is that biztainment is an increasingly popular business strategy, applicable to all industries. For example, consider the goods and services provided by Build-A-Bear stores: children can select the fabric, eyes, and buttons to create a unique tangible good, while the memorable process of building it (employing self-service, too) with family or friends adds extraordinary value to the purchase. Build-A-Bear's use of biztainment has resulted in 370 stores worldwide on five continents, expanding at a rate of 25 locations per year, and earned revenue of $474 million in 2007 (Build-A-Bear, 2008). This article concludes by offering examples of ways in which managers can evaluate their current product-service strategies against the environmental drivers of biztainment.     

地区的比较优势发展和国家的竞争优势发展

在国际贸易理论中,如何利用比较优势和竞争优势一直是个颇受关注的话题,一个国家选择什么样的国际贸易发展战略至关重要。通过对比较优势和竞争优势理论的总结与分析,针对我国的实际情况进行研究,研究表明我国各地区应按比较优势发展,而国家以竞争优势为主,辅以比较优势取得发展。