Market entry and international propagation of business cycles

In this paper, pro-cyclical market entry acts as an international transmission mechanism for business cycle shocks. In an imperfectly competitive dynamic equilibrium model, an expansion in one open economy leads to additional business formation in a parallel large open economy through demand spillovers. Business formation causes a decline in markups leading to an expansion in employment, production, and investment in both economies. The modeling of the entry decision is critical. Only when the entry game is modelled as sequential (with incumbents enjoying a first mover advantage) are markups sufficiently elastic to cause international comovement.     

Understanding the evolution of world business cycles

This paper studies the changes in world business cycles during the period 1960–2003. We employ a Bayesian dynamic latent factor model to estimate common and country-specific components in the main macroeconomic aggregates (output, consumption, and investment) of the G-7 countries. We then quantify the relative importance of the common and country components in explaining comovement in each observable aggregate over three distinct time periods: the Bretton Woods (BW) period (1960:1–1972:2), the period of common shocks (1972:3–1986:2), and the globalization period (1986:3–2003:4). The results indicate that the common (G-7) factor explains, on average, a larger fraction of output, consumption and investment volatility in the globalization period than it does in the BW period.     

Net exports, consumption volatility and international business cycle models

Conventional two-country RBC models interpret countercyclical net exports as reflecting primarily the dynamics of capital. I show that, quantitatively, theoretical economies rely on counterfactual terms of trade effects: trade fluctuations, on the contrary, are driven by consumption smoothing, thus generating procyclical net trade in goods. I then consider a class of preferences that embeds home production in a reduced form: consumption volatility increases so that countercyclical net exports reflect primarily a strong relation between consumption and imports, as in the data. The major discrepancy between theory and data concerns the variability of international prices.     

金融部门FDI和金融服务贸易的理论与实证分析

金融部门FDI理论和金融服务贸易理论是两个既独立又相互关联的研究领域.近年来,金融部门FDI理论与金融服务贸易理论出现了相互融合、相互渗透的趋势.本文描述了金融服务贸易和金融部门FDI理论的最新进展,利用国际经济学、产业组织理论、国际商务理论等经典理论解释金融服务贸易和金融FDI的动机、影响因素及趋势,并通过建立一个实证模型来进一步验证金融部门FDI和金融服务贸易存在的互补关系.     

世贸组织中的国际贸易与环境保护:问题与展望

国际贸易与环境保护的关系是近几年来国际经济领域的一个重要问题。论文分析了贸易与环境涉及的主要问题,指出世贸组织这一多边贸易体制处理环境保护问题时存在一定的难度,问题出在世贸组织既定的原则对环境的适用性上面。世贸组织的贸易政策条款需要一定的灵活性以处理环境保护问题,否则环境保护会成为世贸组织的一个不解之题。     

Issue linkage and issue tie-in in multilateral negotiations

We describe a model of international, multidimensional policy coordination where countries can enter into selective and separate agreements with different partners along different policy dimensions. The model is used to examine the implications of negotiation tie-in — the requirement that agreements must span multiple dimensions of interaction — for the viability of multilateral cooperation when countries are linked by international trade flows and transboundary pollution. We show that, while in some cases negotiation tie-in has either no effect or can make multilateral cooperation more viable, in others a formal tie-in constraint can make an otherwise viable joint multilateral agreement unstable.     

我国运输服务贸易逆差及其国际竞争力

运输服务贸易逆差被认为是我国运输服务贸易缺乏国际竞争力的标志。本文研究了我国运输服务贸易的现状和逆差产生的原因,对我国运输服务贸易的贸易专业化系数和显性比较优势指数进行了比较分析,认为我国运输服务贸易逆差的产生源自于运输服务的产能不足,统计数据的分析难以得出我国运输服务贸易缺乏国际竞争力的结论。     

Trade,money and employment in intertemporal optimizing models of growth

This paper unites elements of Sidrauski's (1967) monetary model of growth, Ventura's (1997) analysis of the effects of international trade on growth, and some work on the labour market implications of growth by Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995). It was shown by Ventura that, for a small economy, free international trade leads to an increase of the de facto elasticity of substitution between the domestic factors of production. The first part of the paper analyses how such an increase in the elasticity of substitution influences the steady state and the speed of convergence. From the Sidrauski model we know that money is super-neutral in the long-run but that monetary policy can have real effects along the transition path as long as the intertemporal elasticity of substitution is not equal to one. In the second part of this paper, it is shown how these results also depend on the elasticity of substitution between factors of production. The results give some important insights into possible interactions between monetary and trade policy in the long and short run. The last part of the paper deals with a modified version of the monetary growth model, which includes endogenous labour supply as in Klump (1993) or Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995). In this context, international trade, by increasing the elasticity of substitution, leads to lower domestic employment in the long run whereas monetary policy may be able to increase employment at least in the short run. Thus, under certain circumstances, trade and monetary policy can be regarded as complementary with respect to their labour market effects.     

我国生产性服务贸易的发展及国际竞争力分析

生产性服务作为服务业和加工业的粘合剂,以服务业为中心将产业价值链的各个环节串连起来,成为先进工业化国家后工业化的重要特征。因而,生产性服务贸易也就成为服务贸易的重要内容与发展趋势。本文对我国生产性服务贸易进行了实证分析,结果表明:我国生产性服务贸易发展速度较快,但贸易结构落后,贸易逆差逐年扩大,竞争力较弱,影响到作为世界加工厂的我国制造业。因此,扩大生产性服务贸易,改善生产性服务贸易结构,是提高我国生产服务贸易国际竞争能力的重要举措。     

国际贸易中企业环境责任的新发展及其启示

企业环境责任成为近年来国际贸易领域人们关注和研究的重要议题。文章分析了在经济全球化和环境运动不断发展的背景下,企业环境责任新的发展趋势,并对我国如何采取积极措施,促进企业承担环境责任、应对绿色贸易壁垒等问题进行了研究。     

Born internationals: Market expansion and business operation mode strategies in the digital media field

This paper examines leading Swedish and Finnish Internet consultancies operating in the digital media service field. These are ‘born international’ firms that internationalise their business at an exceptionally rapid pace. The paper focuses on why and to what extent the market expansion and business operation mode strategies of these companies deviate from the traditional pattern depicted by the Scandinavian process school. The empirical data consisted of interviews with the founder and senior management and secondary data from company and public archives. The research findings show that in fact both the international new venture research and the Scandinavian internationalisation model appear to be valid. The former model was evidenced by the fact that the born internationals indeed deviated from the behaviour of the traditional firms. The latter was exemplified by the fact that the final internationalisation profile, after the withdrawals of firms from unsuccessful markets, was close to what the Scandinavian internationalisation model would call ‘rational’ expansion. Hence, if the investigation period is long enough to account for unsuccessful endeavours and withdrawals, we may then find empirical support for the traditional model as well. To be reliable, the investigation period should cover at least one economic slow down.     

中国内地创意产品贸易的发展及国际竞争力分析

作为一个新兴产业,创意产业已引起众多国家的高度关注,创意产品已成为世界贸易中重要的出口产品。文章通过实证分析得出:中国内地创意产品贸易发展迅猛,顺差逐步扩大,贸易地位逐步提升,贸易商品结构相对稳定,国际竞争力很强。战略上高度重视,加强政府扶持,加大科技投入与发挥民间组织力量是进一步提升创意产品国际竞争力的重要举措。     

Unilever's Latin American Strategy in Yellow Fats,Ice Cream and Teas

Abstract

The article investigates the interplay between the changes in the large corporate strategy of a multinational and changes in the business environment in Latin America. In its international expansion, Unilever has traditionally used a decentralized national responsive strategy where local subsidiaries develop their markets with a great degree of autonomy. In response to globalization, Unilever moved towards greater business coordination and a more focused approach in the nineties. The article examines the impact of this reorganization on the firm's regional strategy in Latin America. We examine the firm's strategy in three food categories: fat oils, ice cream and tea-based products. We conclude that Unilever continues to use a strategy of national responsiveness with no attempt to coordinate its experiences across the region.     

金融危机下国际生产体系对全球贸易的冲击及福利影响

从国际生产和世界贸易两个层面分析并测算了当今世界生产和贸易的最新特点和进展,揭示了两大体系的紧密联系。在外部需求下降的情况下,垂直专业化生产对国际贸易尤其是中间产品贸易造成了负面影响,金融危机通过垂直的国际生产格局对国际贸易的破坏作用放大了。由于供应链的断裂会造成价值链上多个国家进出口贸易的下降,并对深层次参与垂直专业化生产的发展中国家和发达国家的福利造成损失。     

FDI in post-production services and product market competition

Post-production services, such as sales, distribution, and maintenance, comprise a crucial element of business activity. We explore an international duopoly model in which a foreign firm has the option of outsourcing post-production services to its domestic rival or providing those services by establishing its own facilities through FDI. We demonstrate that trade liberalization in goods may hurt domestic consumers and lower world welfare, and that the negative welfare impacts are turned into positive ones if service FDI is also liberalized. This finding yields important policy implications, given the reality that the progress of liberalization in service sectors is still limited.     

外商直接投资与服务贸易国际竞争力——来自77个国家的经验证据

近年来,部分学者在FDI对服务贸易国际竞争力的影响效应方面进行了研究,结论却截然不同。为从一般意义上揭示两者间的关系,文章选取77个国家1980-2008年相关数据,并采取只考虑出口因素的lnRXA指数及同时考虑进出口因素的RC指数来衡量服务贸易国际竞争力,分别从总体、经济发展水平及服务业FDI限入水平三个层面进行了实证检验,结果表明:总体来看,FDI流入不会提高一国服务贸易国际竞争力,而不同经济发展水平及服务业FDI限入水平国家的FDI流入会产生不同的影响效应;除高限入水平国家外,服务业GDP不会提升服务贸易国际竞争力;服务出口及货物出口分别会对服务贸易国际竞争力产生显著的正向及负向影响效应。此外,服务贸易国际竞争力衡量指数选取的不同会造成FDI流入的影响效应产生较大差异。     

应用型本科院校国际经济与贸易专业实训教学模式研究

目前,仍有一部分应用型本科高校依然以理论教学为主,实训教学欠缺。通过对国际经济与贸易专业实训教学现状进行分析,进而从构建实训模块、合理安排实训课程时间、加强校外实训基地建设、提升教学师资队伍以及专业竞赛等方面提出了国际经济与贸易专业实训教学模式构建及实施路径,完善创新应用型本科国际经济与贸易专业的实训教学环节。     

Agility and flexibility in international business research: A comprehensive review and future research directions

This study explores 134 articles on agility and flexibility research published in the top-nine international business (IB) journals. Accordingly, we critically analyze, map and structure flexibility and agility research in IB, and synthesize the findings into an integrative framework. The paper identifies a wide range of definitions of the concept and a lot of work on its conceptualization. However, studies at the individual and institutional levels of analyses are scarce, and the concept is under-theorized, as there is a dearth of real theoretical underpinnings in this research stream. Thus, in addressing this gap, more qualitative and interdisciplinary research is needed.     

Sanyal and Jones on trade in middle products

This paper reports, for the first time, empirical estimates of one of the most ingenious models of trade in intermediate products – the model of Sanyal and Jones. We show how the restrictions implied by the Sanyal and Jones production structure can be imposed and tested with the help of aggregate data even though information about the allocation of inputs and outputs between tiers and industries is not available. A new theoretical concept, that of 'disjoint production' is introduced. We also propose a new functional form that is a generalization of the Symmetric Normalized Quadratic restricted profit function.     

棉花生产量、贸易量变动与国际棉价波动的实证分析——以棉花主产国和贸易国为例

本文运用葛兰杰因果关系检验法对国际市场棉花价格与世界主要棉花生产国的棉花生产量和主要棉花贸易国①的棉花贸易量之间的因果关系进行了检验,并对存在因果关系的变量进行了回归分析,研究结果表明:国际市场棉花价格与世界主要棉花生产国的棉花生产量之间存在反向变动关系,而与世界主要棉花贸易国的棉花贸易量之间的关系不确定。对棉花进口需求量较大的国家而言,其在棉花的国际市场上并不遵循一般意义上的定价规律。