西方家族企业两权关系演变轨迹及启示

西方家族企业两权关系经历了家族高度控制的古典时期、两权分离的部分否定古典时期、两权加强的古典回归和多元化时期三个阶段。家族企业的家族性和环境适应性,决定了其在不同时期通过对两权关系的调整,以适应社会生产关系的新变化。而不同的两权关系恰恰代表了不同时期家族企业对社会生产关系的应激性反应。     

民营企业家特质与企业发展阶段的适应性分析

以家族企业居多的我国民营企业,产权结构单一,民营企业家两权合一,其对企业的绩效和寿命有着很强的影响。而企业的发展具有阶段性,不同阶段具有不同的特征和问题,这就要求企业家管理周期应随企业生命周期动态变化,即企业家应与企业成长匹配。该文从企业家能力、企业家精神和企业家资源三个维度,分析企业生命周期不同阶段,民营企业家所起的不同作用和其对企业家的不同要求,试图初步构建一个企业家与企业生命周期匹配模型。     

家族企业两权合一式治理结构的效率决定因素分析

家族企业两权合一式的治理结构的效率取决于成本和收益的比较,而成本和收益的大小又决定于家族成员的能力及行为取向。家族成员的行为并不是利他的,而是在考虑了权威、道德、利益、血缘关系、惩罚机制和企业发展六个因素基础上的相机抉择行为,且家族成员的能力是不同的,因此,家族企业两权合一的效率是不确定的。从目前看,中国家族企业两权合一是有效的,在经理人市场和公司控制权市场缺位的情况下,要继续维持其有效性,可以从五方面入手。     

家族因素对企业绩效的影响——来自中国上市公司的定量研究

世界范围内对家族企业的研究越来越广泛、深入与多样化,我国对于家族企业的研究也不再局限于理论性介绍和论述,而越来越着重于实证特别是定量研究。本文以07,08年大量上市公司数据为样本,运用配对分析法比较了中国上市家族企业与非家族企业的绩效与财务结构差别,并对比了不同程度家族控制的企业之间的绩效差别,进而得出家族控制程度相对较强的企业绩效优于家族控制程度较弱的企业。即在中国上市公司中,所有权与管理控制权两权合一的家族企业要比聘用外部经理人管理的公司绩效占优。     

我国家族企业治理结构中危机因素与管理途径

家族企业在磕磕绊绊不断的发展中逐渐暴露出家长集权、两权不清、制度僵化、任人唯情、家族传承等诸多问题.因此,家族企业想要在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地,就应该认识到问题的根本所在,不断改进家族企业管理模武以适应现代企业制度.本文从家族企业成长历程出发,洞悉其存在的问题,旨在阐述人力资源管理在家族企业中的作用以及如何创新改革家族企业提供一些意见和参考.     

家族企业的关系治理与正式治理——相互控制的视角

学术界已广泛认识到关系治理在家族企业公司治理中不可忽视的地位，普遍的观点是关系治理仅适用于家族企业发展的早期，随着家族企业的成长，将逐渐为正式的契约治理所取代。一些新的研究认为关系治理和正式治理是不同的治理维度，可以在家族企业中共存，并发现二者可能呈现出双强的格局。本文尝试在回顾相关文献的基础上，将家族企业的代理合约区分为两类，分析其治理不同的需求及家族企业的反应，提出家族企业内两种治理方式双强的一种解释：家族企业与两类代理人同时缔约，利用两类代理人相互控制，以便同时降低两类代理成本。     

中国家族企业成长与演化路径分析——基于家族文化视角

在中国传统"家文化"思想的影响下,家族企业除了经济目标之外还背上促进家族利益增长的责任,而家族利益与企业利益的冲突和博弈,决定了企业家族的成长和演化远比非家族企业要复杂。文章将家族利益与企业利益的冲突纳入家族企业成长演化的分析框架中,并根据两种利益的博弈过程对家族企业的成长及演化过程进行阶段划分,深入剖析各阶段对应的内部治理模式及企业成长特征。     

中国家族企业成长与演化路径分析

在中国传统“家文化”思想的影响下,家族企业除了经济目标之外还背上促进家族利益增长的责任,而家族利益与企业利益的冲突和博弈,决定了企业家族的成长和演化远比非家族企业要复杂。文章将家族利益与企业利益的冲突纳入家族企业成长演化的分析框架中,并根据两种利益的博弈过程对家族企业的成长及演化过程进行阶段划分,深入剖析各阶段对应的内部治理模式及企业成长特征。     

企业治理结构与企业财务治理

文章在简要分析企业治理结构的前提下 ,具体探讨企业治理结构与企业财务治理的关系 ,并分别对两权分离企业、两权合一企业财务治理系统的构建进行论述。     

对家族企业发展趋势的研究

家族企业的主要特征表现为家族成员对企业所有权和经营权的控制,其演进过程经历了原始家族企业、纯粹家族企业、泛家族企业和现代家族企业四个阶段。家族企业的发展趋势将呈多元化的态势:有的将进一步引进职业经理人和外化所有权,并逐步向非家族企业发展;有的将与非家族企业长期共存,但也会借用现代企业制度,成为只有家族企业外壳、具备现代公司内核的现代企业组织。中国家族企业在发展中应根据自身情况选择适宜的企业制度,而不可一味追求所谓的制度创新,盲目推行两权分离。     

Health, Wealth, Fertility, Education, and Inequality

The authors use a new cross-country dataset to estimate the strength of the links between different dimensions of social and economic development, including indicators of health, fertility, and education, as well as material wellbeing. This differs from previous studies in employing data for different income groups in each country in order to provide direct evidence on factors driving inequality, and in using a unique measure of material wellbeing that does not rely on PPP comparisons.     

IPR,Trade, FDI,and Technology Transfer

In this survey, we discuss how intellectual property rights （IPR） protection in the South affects trade flows, foreign direct investment （FDI） flows, and technology transfers from the North to the South. We also discuss optimal IPR policies and their effect on innovation. Our discussion covers both theoretical studies and empirical evidence. This survey is both comprehensive and critical. It aims to give readers the current state of IPR and globalization literature. Some issues have been studied more thoroughly, whereas for others the surface has only been scratched upon. This survey gives readers a clearer picture of the literature and may help them find future research topics.     

Trade,Remittances, Institutions,and Economic Growth

This paper empirically investigates the role of trade, remittances, and institutions in economic development in a large sample of developing countries using recently developed instruments for all these variables. Both cross-country (over 30 years) and dynamic panel data (over 5-year periods) regressions of growth rates on instrumented trade, remittances, and institutions provide evidence of a significant impact of trade, institutions, and remittances on growth. While institutions foster growth, remittances hamper it. The effect of trade on growth is positive in cross-sectional regressions but ambiguous in dynamic panel data regressions. These results are indicative of a more important role for trade in explaining growth in the very long run compared with over shorter horizons.     

Country terms of trade: trends,unit roots,over-differencing,endogeneity, time dummies,and heterogeneity

The debate about the Prebisch-Singer thesis has focused on primary commodities with some extensions to manufactures. We analyse trends in country terms-of-trade for goods and services rather than those for commodities according to the World Bank income classification. We find that the natural logarithm of the terms of trade for all groups except for the poorest has common unit roots, but none has individual unit roots. As low-income countries have no unit roots over-differencing is inefficient and biases significance levels in first differences against the fall in the terms of trade. For the low-income countries the terms of trade of goods and services are falling at a rate that is significantly negative without and with endogeneity treatment by system GMM. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of time dummies supports the result of falling terms of trade for low-income countries. When all coefficients are country-specific 50% of all low-income countries have falling terms of trade in a simultaneous equation estimation using the SUR method. Food and financial crisis have no effect on the number of countries with falling terms of trade, but (dis-)improve the terms of trade or the significance of the results for a very small number of countries.     

Modinomics: Design,Implementation, Outcomes,and Prospects

This paper presents an analysis of the key elements of Modinomics, defined as “everyone's participation, everyone's progress.” It investigates the reasons why Modinomics was necessary, the key elements of Modinomics, and how this policy was implemented. It argues that India's economic policy has had continuity since the economic reform package of 1991, so Modinomics has involved a high component of better implementation. Nevertheless, there have been some major policy changes as well. The paper discusses the deep structural reforms of demonetization and a Goods and Services Tax as well the new Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act. The paper examines the record of economic growth under Modi as well as new welfare and employment programs to make economic growth more inclusive. Finally, the paper examines the medium and long‐term growth prospects for India.     

Excise taxes,over-shifting,cross-elasticity,and tax revenue

This article examines cross-elasticity effects in excise taxation for markets characterized by monopolistic competition and over-shifting. Extending the constant elasticity demand model to consider cross-elasticity leads to notably different results regarding tax revenue maximization. With nonzero but weak cross-elasticity effects relative to the price elasticity, we derive a higher optimal tax-price ratio compared to prior research. With strong cross-elasticity, revenue can continually be increased by raising the excise tax. Overall, the study offers government greater incentive to use excise taxes to obtain revenue.     

Basic income,liberal neutrality,socialism, and work

Liberal critics often object to basic income (BI) on the grounds that it violates reciprocity and is biased toward those who choose voluntarily to opt out of work and thus violate the principle of liberal neutrality toward conceptions of the good life. In the first part of this paper I argue that liberal neutrality favors BI. Marxist critics of BI are less likely to accept liberal neutrality, but I argue in the second part that the argument for BI in the first part applies with equal force to Marxist objections that BI is unfairly exploitative of workers. Marxists are also less likely to accept current labor market trends, seeing socialism as affording more opportunity for guaranteeing everyone a right to decent work, and suspecting BI of making the unfair inequalities of capitalism a little more palatable while diverting attention from a more equitable socialist alternative. I argue that BI is not incompatible with socialism or Marxism, and should not be opposed to but rather combined with strategies for full employment.