The Effect of the Real Option to Transfer on the Value of Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefits

Variable annuity contracts frequently have many options and option‐like features embedded in the contracts. Some are obvious, such as guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDBs), while others are less obviously option‐like. In this article, we consider the effect of the real option to transfer funds between fixed and variable accounts. If a GMDB rider is considered in isolation, it is sometimes in the policyholder's interest to transfer to the fixed fund if the fixed fund earns less than the variable fund in a risk‐neutral world. On the other hand, the option to transfer will not be used if the entire annuity and rider are considered together.     

Impacts of Jumps and Stochastic Interest Rates on the Fair Costs of Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit Contracts

The authors offer a new perspective to the field of guaranteed minimum death benefit contracts, especially for simple return premium and rising floor guarantees. A particular feature of these contracts is a guaranteed capital upon the insured's death. A complete methodology based on the generalized Fourier transform is proposed to investigate the impacts of jumps and stochastic interest rates. This paper thus extends Milevsky and Posner (2001). If jumps alone are considered, similar results are obtained, but, when stochastic interest rates are introduced, the fair costs of the guarantee feature are found to be substantially higher in this more general economy.     

Willow tree algorithms for pricing Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits under jump-diffusion and CEV models

This paper presents the willow tree algorithms for pricing variable annuities with Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefits (GMWB), where the underlying fund dynamics evolve under the Merton jump-diffusion process or constant-elasticity-of-variance (CEV) process. The GMWB rider gives the policyholder the right to make periodic withdrawals from his policy account throughout the life of the contract. The dynamic nature of the withdrawal policy allows the policyholder to decide how much to withdraw on each withdrawal date, or even to surrender the contract. For numerical valuation of the GMWB rider, we use willow tree algorithms that adopt more effective placement of the lattice nodes based on better fitting of the underlying fund price distribution. When compared with other numerical algorithms, like the finite difference method and fast Fourier transform method, the willow tree algorithms compute GMWB prices with significantly less computational time to achieve a similar level of numerical accuracy. The design of our pricing algorithm also includes an efficient search method for the optimal dynamic withdrawal policies. We perform sensitivity analysis of various model parameters on the prices and fair participating fees of the GMWB riders. We also examine the effectiveness of delta hedging when the fund dynamics exhibit various jump levels.     

寿险保单持有人制度研究

保险法中的寿险保单持有人是一个集债权、物权、公司治理权为一体,横跨民事和商事法律关系的权利综合体,其法律地位源于合同约定,并由保单和保险公司备案予以确认.寿险保单持有人既是保险合同的主要当事人,又是保险合同——保单的所有权人,同时还是保险公司的所有权人和治理人.面对立法与实践的错位、两大法系的张力以及公司治理价值理念的...     

土地收益保证贷款研究

农民融资难、融资贵既是加快发展必须破解的难题,又是改善民生必须关注的重点。发挥农村土地的财产效用和融资功能,将固定在农村土地上的财富动员起来,拓宽农民融资渠道,降低农民融资成本,切实增加农民收入是解决农民融资问题的一条有效途径。     

信息科技的核心价值是创造经济效益

随着我国金融行业逐步实现全面对外开放,金融业的市场化程度不断加深。在高度市场化的环境下,经济效益是企业生存发展的基础,也是履行社会责任的先决条件。信息科技作为现代金融的助推器,其核心价值也必     

Investor Behavior and the Benefits of Direct Stock Ownership

Using an experiment to rule out reverse causality, we examine whether a small investment in a company's stock leads investors to purchase more of the company's products and adopt other views and preferences that benefit the company. We preregister our research methods, hypotheses, and supplemental analyses via the Journal of Accounting Research’s registration‐based editorial process. We find little evidence consistent with these hypotheses for the average investor in our sample using our planned univariate hypothesis tests, and planned Bayesian parameter estimation shows substantial downward belief revision for more optimistic ex ante expectations of the treatment effects. In planned supplemental analyses, however, we do find that the effects of ownership on product purchase behavior and on regulatory preferences are intuitively stronger for certain subgroups of investors—namely, for investors who are most likely to purchase the types of products offered by the company and for investors who are most likely to vote on political matters. The results contribute to our understanding of the benefits of direct stock ownership and are informative to public company managers and directors.     

债务融资行为对亏损上市公司财务价值的驱动研究

文章研究了债务融资行为的三种特征(债务融资期限、债务融资方式和债务融资规模)对亏损上市公司财务价值的驱动路径和驱动机理。实证结果表明,债务融资期限结构对亏损上市公司的财务价值同时存在侵害和治理两种效应,并且随着流动负债比例的增加,亏损上市公司的财务价值表现出先升后降的趋势;从债务融资方式来看,银行借款的债务融资方式对亏损上市公司的财务价值也同时存在侵害效应和治理效应,但利用商业信用和临时性占用款进行债务融资的方式对亏损上市公司财务价值产生明显的反向驱动效应;债务融资规模对亏损上市公司的财务价值也同时存在正向和反向两种驱动效应,同样,随着负债比率的增加,亏损上市公司的财务价值也表现出先升后降的趋势。     

保证贷款风险及应对策略研究

本文首先分析了保证贷款风险产生的机理,其后分析了在现实工作中保证贷款风险的几种重要表现形式,最后针对上述保证风险,提出了应对措施。     

社会责任履行对企业价值的影响

经济全球化使得世界各国联系更为紧密,全球环境污染、气候变化、企业信用危机等的挑战,共同推动企业社会责任运动的蓬勃发展。企业作为最重要的社会生产组织,积极履行社会责任是遵循人口、资源与环境可持续发展理念的重要表现,也是企业追求价值增值的实际需要。在对国内外文献评述的基础上,基于利益相关者理论,阐述了企业履行社会责任对企业价值的影响路径,并利用A股上市公司2009-2011年292组数据,检验企业社会责任履行与企业价值的相关关系。研究结论表明企业社会责任与企业价值之间存在显著正相关关系,这为企业自觉履行社会责任提供了一定的理论指导。     

最低生活保障对居民消费的驱动效应研究

双循环新发展格局下应更加重视国内居民消费的作用.本文采用对数平均迪氏指数分解模型(LMDI)对2007-2017年中国31个省级地方政府的面板数据进行实证分析,以检验城乡最低生活保障对居民消费支出的驱动效应.将驱动效应分解为规模效应、结构效应和效率效应三个维度,结果表明:城乡低保的驱动效应具有异质性,城镇低保的规模效应和效率效应是驱动消费增长的主要因素;农村低保的规模效应是驱动消费增长的主要因素;城乡低保的结构效应和农村低保的效率效应都有待提高.因此,应采取扩大低保资金投入规模,缩小低保标准的城乡差距,制定合理的低保给付标准等措施以改善低保的驱动效应.     

Wealth Transfer Effects of Analysts' Misleading Behavior

We investigate a sample of 50 firm‐events, identified in the Global Research Analysts Settlement, in which analysts were discovered to have acted misleadingly ex post. In this setting, analysts' incentives caused them to issue public disclosures that differed from their private beliefs. We document that these firms' institutional holdings decline significantly during the period in which the analysts issued misleading disclosures. During this period daily small‐size trades (a proxy for individual investors) are dominated by buy orders while daily large‐size trades (a proxy for institutional investors) are dominated by sell orders. Short interest increases during the event period, consistent with the idea that sophisticated investors are selling. Our estimates of investors' trading losses show that individual investors lost about two and a half times the amount lost by institutions. Overall, the results suggest a wealth transfer from individuals to institutions that is likely attributable to analysts' misleading behavior.     

关于界性的相对性

本文将提出有序集的界性是相对于它的某一有序包集而言的,即一个有序集相对于它的不同的有序包集的界性是不同的.说明这一相对界性观点是范德瓦尔登著的<代数学>中界性的推广,gl时指出<数学分析>中的界性概念是有很大局限性的.     

IPO价值信息传递与投资银行金融认证

本文遵循金融认证理论的研究路径,构建了IPO价值信息的传递与投资银行金融认证的理论模型,实证结果表明:(1)首发市盈率与投资银行的综合竞争力正相关,即综合竞争能力越强的投资银行,其承销的IPO发行市盈率越高.另外,综合竞争能力越强的投资银行,其承销IPO募集资金用途发生变更的企业比例、上市后违规企业的比例以及曾被ST的公司比例均相对较低.(2)新股抑价程度与投资银行的认证成本负相关,但缺乏统计显著性.(3)新股抑价与中签率负相关,与IPO风险测度正相关;新股抑价与投资银行类型的负相关缺乏显著性.(4)IPO中签率与投行认证信息因子、发行价格信息因子的关系缺乏统计显著性;中签率与投资银行的声誉信息因子显著正相关.本文最后提出了相关建议.     

The Effect of Regulation FD on Transient Institutional Investors' Trading Behavior

We assess the impact of Regulation Fair Disclosure (Reg FD) on the trading behavior of transient institutional investors in the quarter prior to a bad news break in a string of consecutive earnings increases. Bad news breaks are defined as breaks that are by growth firms, preceded by longer strings of consecutive earnings increases, followed by longer strings of consecutive earnings decreases, and associated with larger declines in earnings. Pre–Reg FD transient institutions have abnormal selling of stocks in the quarter immediately preceding a bad news break. This abnormal selling is confined to firms that hold conference calls in the pre–Reg FD period. However, in the post–Reg FD period transient institutions do not exhibit similar abnormal selling of stocks in the quarter before a bad news break. Furthermore, after Reg FD transient institutions allocate less of their stock portfolios to conference call firms relative to non–conference call firms in the quarters prior to a bad news break. These results demonstrate that Reg FD has had an impact on management's selective disclosure behavior and significantly changed the trading behavior of transient institutions.     

开展出口退税贷款保证保险之管见

开发和推广出口退税贷款保证保险,不仅可以丰富保险公司的产品数量,改善险种结构,培育新的经济增长点,而且对于缓解政府退税压力,促进出口企业资金周转,解决商业银行的后顾之忧等均有积极的意义。     

反倾销调查和反补贴调查应对措施的有效性研究

本文以2006年至2012年间发布反倾销或反补贴公告的我国上市企业为样本,从企业事前的防范措施、事后的处理方法以及过程中政府的作用三个方面,运用事件研究法对反倾销调查和反补贴调查应对措施的有效性进行了研究。结果表明,反倾销或反补贴调查公告对企业市场价值产生了显著的负面影响,而海外设立工厂和政府补助对累计异常收益有显著正向作用。这说明在应对贸易救济调查时,需要企业能够实现事前的防范性战略转型,同时也需要政府的大力帮扶和适当介入来最大限度减小贸易救济调查给企业经营带来的不利影响。     

解析新会计准则对会计信息价值相关性的影响

本文研究了新会计准则对会计信息价值相关性的影响。我们发现,新准则实施后,会计信息总体的价值相关性显著提高,并且受新准则影响部分的价值相关性改善程度显著高于不受影响的部分。在此基础上,我们还分析了公允价值计量对受影响部分信息质量改善的贡献。研究还发现,对于非金融行业,非公允净资产比公允净资产更具有价值相关性;而对于金融行业,二者没有显著差别。本文的研究表明,新会计准则确实将原有准则的不合理部分做了修正,其实施有助于会计质量的整体提高。但是这种修正并不是简单地盲目采用公允价值,而是综合考虑各种计价方式的结果。本文的研究结果对中国乃至国际会计准则的改革提供了有意义的信息。     

The Effect of Exercise Date Uncertainty on Employee Stock Option Value

The IASC recently recommended that employee compensation in the form of stock options be measured at the 'fair value' based on an option pricing model and the value should be recognized in financial statements. This follows adoption of SFAS No. 123 in the United States, which requires firms to estimate the value of employee stock options using either a Black‐Scholes or binomial model. Most US firms used the B‐S model for their 1996 financial statements. This study assumes that option life follows a Gamma distribution, allowing the variance of option life to be separate from its expected life. The results indicate the adjusted Black‐Scholes model could overvalue employee stock options on the grant date by as much as 72 percent for nondividend paying firms and by as much as 84 percent for dividend paying firms. The results further demonstrate the sensitivity of ESO values to the volatility of the expected option life, a parameter that the B‐S model or a Poisson process cannot accommodate. The variability of option life has an especially big impact on ESO value for firms whose ESOs have a relatively short life (5 years, for example) and high employee turnover. For such firms, the results indicate a binomial option pricing model is more appropriate for estimating ESO value than the B‐S type model.     

The Vote Is Cast: The Effect of Corporate Governance on Shareholder Value

This paper investigates whether improvements in the firm's internal corporate governance create value for shareholders. We analyze the market reaction to governance proposals that pass or fail by a small margin of votes in annual meetings. This provides a clean causal estimate that deals with the endogeneity of internal governance rules. We find that passing a proposal leads to significant positive abnormal returns. Adopting one governance proposal increases shareholder value by 2.8%. The market reaction is larger in firms with more antitakeover provisions, higher institutional ownership, and stronger investor activism for proposals sponsored by institutions. In addition, we find that acquisitions and capital expenditures decline and long‐term performance improves.