河南省新型城镇化与农业现代化协调关系测度

[目的]科学构建新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展评价方法体系并研判两者是否协调及协调状态对河南省建设现代农业强省至关重要。[方法]文章基于2006—2016年时间序列数据,采用AHP法、耦合度模型和协调度模型,构建新型城镇化和农业现代化评价指标,定量测度新型城镇化与农业现代化耦合度与协调度。[结果]河南省新型城镇化成效显著。人口城镇化、经济城镇化、城乡一体化、社会城镇化和生态城镇化等都取得了明显的效益。河南省农业现代化水平不断增强, 2006—2016年,农业现代化指数由0.215 4提升到0.781 6。河南省新型城镇化与农业现代化的耦合度为中度耦合,处于拮抗阶段,这说明新型城镇化与农业现代化的关系存在失衡。河南省新型城镇化和农业现代化的协调度经历了中度失调—轻度失调—濒临协调—勉强协调—初步协调5个阶段,两者的协调水平还较低。[结论]河南省应把发展现代农业作为推进新型城镇化的重要抓手,提升农业供给能力,为新型城镇化与农业现代化协调发展提供支撑和保障。     

云南省农业资源与经济增长协调性分析

[目的]云南省是我国资源丰富的农业大省,探究其农业资源与经济增长的协调性有利于把握农业发展的方向,对实现经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。[方法]文章利用熵权法确定指标权重,并构建耦合模型计算得到农业资源与经济增长的耦合协调度,根据协调度水平划分等级,最终确定云南省协调发展水平。[结果](1)2007—2016年经济发展水平呈阶梯式上升的趋势;土地资源和水资源综合评价值呈波浪式曲线;2007—2011年资源污染治理水平综合评价值急剧下降,2011—2016年呈缓慢上升的趋势。(2)2007—2016年经历了从轻度失调到初级协调的阶段。(3)2007—2009年农业资源与经济增长处于低度协调耦合, 2010—2012年两者处于中度协调耦合, 2013后过渡到高度协调耦合。[结论]2007—2016年云南省农业资源与经济增长的耦合协调度向良好态势转变,目前处于高度协调耦合。虽然耦合协调度较好,但耦合度较低,因此,应该积极转变生产方式,调整产业结构,坚持发展生态经济,促进经济与资源的协调发展。     

新型城镇化与都市农业发展耦合关系及时序特征研究——以武汉市为例

[目的]新型城镇化引致都市农业实现高质量发展,都市农业发展倒逼新型城镇化协同高效推进;探究新型城镇化与都市农业发展的耦合互动关系,对加快推动两系统协调发展具有重要意义。[方法]文章基于2006—2017年武汉市新型城镇化与都市农业发展水平的评价指标测度数据,运用耦合协调度模型定量分析了新型城镇化与都市农业发展的耦合关系。[结果](1)新型城镇化与都市农业总体发展水平均呈上升态势,耦合关系显著;(2)两者耦合度C值在0.490左右变化浮动,2008年和2013年耦合度出现最低值和最高值,分别为0.475和0.500;(3)耦合协调度D值处在0.290～0.627,耦合协调等级从中度失调转变为初级协调阶段,且时序演变呈现出小幅波动性、差异性和阶段性特征。[结论]武汉市新型城镇化与都市农业发展水平的耦合协调程度处于不断完善中,时序特征变化明显。为此,武汉市应坚持贯彻实施"以人为本"及城乡融合发展的新型城镇化发展道路,挖掘农业的多种功能以打造都市农业高质量发展的升级版,强化政策扶持的支持力度以保障新型城镇化与都市农业耦合协调发展。     

河南省新型城镇化与美丽乡村建设耦合研究

［目的］新型城镇化是美丽乡村建设的重要推动力，美丽乡村建设是新型城镇化重要组成部分，新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设两者相辅相成，缺一不可，探讨两者的协调发展有利促进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展。［方法］以河南省为例，在评价新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设指标的基础上，通过耦合协调发展度模型研究其耦合协调发展程度。［结果］（1）2008—2017年河南省新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设的耦合协调度介于02~06之间，从中度失调衰退发展到勉强协调发展，其中2008—2010年耦合协调度处于中度失调衰退， 2011—2012年耦合协调度处于轻度失调衰退， 2013—2016年耦合协调度处于濒临失调发展， 2017年耦合协调度处于勉强协调发展； （2）不同市区新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设的耦合协调度介于02~06之间，其中郑州市处于勉强协调阶段，周口市、驻马店市和南阳市等3市区的耦合协调度处于濒临失调发展阶段，开封市、洛阳市、安阳市、新乡市、焦作市、濮阳市、许昌市、商丘市、信阳市和济源市等10市区的耦合协调度处于轻度失调衰退阶段，平顶山市、鹤壁市、漯河市和三门峡市等4市区的耦合协调度处于中度失调衰退阶段。［结论］目前河南省新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设仍处于初级协调阶段，各市区发展不平衡，要实现农村的可持续发展，必须加强新型城镇化和美丽乡村建设的耦合协调发展。     

湖北省新型城镇化与新农村建设耦合度研究

[目的]通过对湖北省的新型城镇化与新农村建设的耦合协调度的计算,对两个系统的耦合发展阶段进行深入分析,为湖北省推进新型城镇化和新农村建设的工作提供一定的研究基础。[方法]根据湖北省新型城镇化与新农村建设的内容和要求,建立两个系统的评价体系,选取2010—2016年的相关数据,运用熵值法确定两个系统各评价指标的权重,计算新型城镇化和新农村建设的耦合协调度,并分析其耦合发展模式。[结果]湖北省新型城镇化综合发展水平逐年增加,新农村建设的综合发展水平在2015年达到最大值,随后开始下降,两者的耦合协调度开始处于中度失调衰退,从2011年开始处于濒临协调发展阶段并开始稳定。[结论]湖北省新型城镇化和新农村建设的耦合协调度增长势头明显,具有良好的协同作用,在后续调整过程中要注重交通运输能力、文化事业发展、农业固定资产投资和化肥施用量等方面。     

基于耦合协调度模型的都匀市土地利用变化与经济增长协调性研究

[目的]土地利用与社会经济发展之间关系的研究对于新型城镇化建设具有重要的意义;研究分析都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展的耦合关系,探究如何合理利用土地资源,更好推动区域经济发展。[方法]以贵州省第一批新型城镇化试点城市都匀市为研究区,从土地利用和社会经济两个系统入手,采用层次分析法建立综合评价指标体系,并运用耦合协调度模型对都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展的协调度进行了测算。[结果] 2009—2016年都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展协调度呈不断上升趋势,协调度等级由轻度失调上升到初级协调状态;协调发展类型由社会经济发展滞后型变为土地利用滞后型。[结论]都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展之间,总体协调发展度水平仍旧较低,且土地利用落后于社会经济发展。结合都匀市今后发展,建议制定合理的土地利用开发利用规划,加大对建设用地挖潜的力度,同时注重耕地保护。     

西北地区资源环境承载力-经济发展-新型城镇化发展耦合协调性研究

为探究西北地区资源环境承载力、经济发展、新型城镇化发展3个子系统之间耦合协调发展状况,以2005—2019年西北五省区作为研究对象,从资源环境承载力、经济发展、新型城镇化发展3个维度构建评价指标体系,借助耦合协调度模型和障碍度模型,研究了各子系统之间的耦合协调关系及作用机理、五省区的系统耦合协调度的时空特征,并进一步分析了其影响因素。研究结果表明：西北地区资源环境承载力-经济发展-新型城镇化发展耦合协调性的综合评价指数在研究期内呈上升趋势,总体上向更好的状态转变,经济发展子系统与新型城镇化发展子系统在研究期内综合评价指数上升明显均大于资源环境承载力子系统,系统耦合度处于较高水平;耦合协调度表现出平稳上升的趋势,耦合协调类型完成了从濒临失调向中级耦合转变;未来西北地区应当树立持续发展理念,提升资源环境承载力水平,转变经济发展方式,促进各子系统协调发展。     

宁夏农业现代化与新型城镇化耦合协调实证分析

农业现代化是实现新型城镇化的重要基础和条件,新型城镇化是农业现代化的必由之路。为完善宁夏农业现代化和新型城镇化政策体系并推进两大系统协调发展,在已有研究成果及民族地区实际特点的基础上构建了宁夏农业现代化与新型城镇化耦合协调指标体系,选取2000-2014年基础数据并应用改进的熵值法、综合指数、耦合度以及耦合协调度等模型分析了宁夏农业现代化与新型城镇化之间的协调关系。结果表明,2000-2014年宁夏农业现代化与新型城镇化总体发展水平均处于不断上升的发展态势,但农业现代化发展水平始终优于新型城镇化发展水平,属于新型城镇化滞后型;耦合度C呈现波动下降—上升—下降的趋势,耦合度值分别为0.49493、0.47909、0.48204、0.47009;耦合协调度由0.24485上升到0.50704,上升趋势明显。从耦合协调度类型来看,分为两种类型,2000-2013年总体处于失调阶段,其中包含中度失调、低度失调、濒临失调三个阶段;2014年,两大系统耦合协调度才步入勉强协调阶段,但距离高度协调甚至极度协调仍存在较大差距,说明宁夏农业现代化与新型城镇化耦合协调的匹配程度偏低,要实现两大系统协调发展还有很多工作要做。     

清徐县优势农业与旅游业协调发展研究

[目的]发展优势农业是改造传统农业,加快农业现代化的有效途径之一,旅游业作为国民经济新的增长点,两者协调发展更有利于增加农民收入,促进新农村建设,同时也是农村社会经济可持续发展的必然要求。[方法]文章通过文献查阅法了解清徐县优势农业葡萄及葡萄文化旅游业等方面的相关研究及研究成果,结合实证分析法通过协调发展度函数构建模型对清徐优势农业协调旅游业发展进行定量分析。[结果]清徐县优势农业和旅游业的综合评价指数从2004年的0.118 6上升到2016年的0.985 8,总体呈上升趋势,同时协调度13年间,2004~2008年介于0.221 5~0.490 5之间,处于失调发展阶段,2009年为过渡阶段,协调度为0.524 3,2010~2015年协调度介于0.626 7~0.685 8之间,处于初级协调发展水平,2016年协调度为0.701 7,发展到中级协调发展水平。优势农业与旅游业协调发展有利于区域经济水平的提高和农业收入的增加。[结论]推动优势农业与旅游业协调发展,清徐县需加大散户经营管理力度,切实有效地解决散户存在的实际问题,夯实优势农业的基础,为旅游业发展提供更大的发展空间。     

城镇化与农业现代化协调度评价与分析——以重庆市五大功能区为例

根据系统论观点,协调是复合系统中各子系统在发展演化过程中的和谐共生关系。城镇化与农业现代化的协调度是指二者在发展过程中的和谐一致程度。文章采用空间描述方法构建系统协调状态测度模型,并以重庆2000~2012年数据为样本,对其功能分异明显的五大功能区城镇化与农业现代化发展的协调度进行实证分析。结果表明,重庆城镇化与农业现代化的协调度在2000~2006年较为理想,但从2007年起,城镇化发展指数的增幅明显高于农业现代化发展指数的增幅,协调度几乎处于濒临失调的状态。其中,五大功能区协调度的变化趋势特点各异。就2012年而言,都市功能核心区、都市功能拓展区、城市发展新区、渝东北生态涵养发展区和渝东南生态保护发展区协调等级分别为5级、5级、8级、2级、2级,分别处于濒临失调、濒临失调、中级协调、高度失调、高度失调状态。该文认为,要积极建构城镇化和农业现代化协调发展的制度基础,将城镇化作为实现农业现代化重要动力,依据区域资源禀赋和产业基础推进区域特色城镇化发展。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目