山东省粮食供需变动下农业生产格局研究

[目的]区域农业生产格局通过不断适应经济发展和社会消费变动实现调整,将山东省137个县域单元作为研究区域,以期对其粮食供需关系和供需关系变动下农业生产新变化进行细致描述。[方法]文章基于县域尺度,以重心模型刻画近10年山东省粮食供需背景,综合利用粮食生产空间转移系数、区位熵、结构变动指数等方法,分别从产量和结构探讨农业生产在粮食供需背景之下的格局演变。[结果](1)2008—2017年山东省缺粮区数量增长,粮食供需重心明显西移,西部须面对来自自身粮食需求和东部缺粮量同时上涨的双重压力。(2)山东省粮食生产转出区数量先减后增,粮食生产转入区数量先增后减,粮食生产与供需变动存在空间一致性,粮食生产转入区进一步向西集中。(3)供需变动下山东省农业种植结构仍以小麦和玉米为主,粮食种植面积进一步扩大,而非粮作物集中趋势增强。(4)山东省农业生产结构变化指数高值区可分为粮食生产提升型和城市规模扩张型两类。前者为缓解粮食供需压力,粮食作物种植面积显著上升;后者呈现以市区为中心的接触扩散格局,但也通过保持粮食作物种植面积稳定粮食供需,并未出现粮食作物大规模转变为非粮作物。[结论]在粮食供需背景下,山东省应因地制宜地调整农业生产,以求适应供需关系的新变化。     

基于Shift-Share模型的“镰刀弯”地区粮食增产结构变动分析——兼论玉米种植结构调整

[目的]"镰刀弯"地区玉米种植面积大幅度增加,粮食种植结构单一,为确保粮食安全稳定、多元化发展,需要明确该地区粮食生产结构中不同作物的变化特点和竞争优势。[方法]文章运用ShiftShare模型对"镰刀弯"地区的粮食作物生产结构和竞争力优势进行比较,分析了水稻、玉米、薯类、豆类以及其他作物的结构和竞争力优势差异。[结果]"镰刀弯"地区内部不同区域之间不同作物的结构优势和竞争力优势差异明显,其主要原因在于不同作物的播种面积和单位面积产量增长变动速度不同。[结论]"镰刀弯"地区粮食种植结构的调整,尤其是玉米种植面积的调减,应当充分考虑不同作物之间的优势差异,在满足可持续发展和市场需求且不形成过度供给的情况下,增加优势作物的种植,最终形成合理的种植结构和区域布局。     

黑龙江省作物种植结构演变特点与调整对策研究

[目的]黑龙江省是我国重要的商品粮产地,玉米种植面积和产量名列全国第一,由于东北地区玉米库存积压严重,面临大幅度压缩玉米种植面积的严峻局面,如何调整黑龙江省的作物种植结构和发展黑龙江省玉米生产引起各方关注。[方法]文章依据面板数据总结了中华人民共和国成立以来黑龙江省作物种植结构演变特点,分析了黑龙江省作物结构调整的各方面限制因素,并结合我国农产品进出口实际,提出黑龙江省今后的作物结构调整方向。[结果]稳定粮食生产,适当增加小麦和大豆的种植面积,适当压缩玉米种植,把休耕纳入轮作体系,作为临时措施,可以大面积开展玉米休耕;适当发展经济作物和杂粮杂豆作物;有条件发展饲料牧草作物。对于非粮食作物的种植,政府应该有长远考虑,不能作为应对短期出现的玉米产大于销的权宜之计。[结论]今后黑龙江省玉米生产要立足于通过提高单产来提高效益和竞争力。政府应该为玉米休耕和种植非粮食作物提供补贴,相应补贴政策是黑龙江省此轮种植结构调整成败的关键因素。     

基于Shift-Share模型的“镰刀弯”地区食增产结构变动分析——兼论玉米种植结构调整

[目的]"镰刀弯"地区玉米种植面积大幅度增加,粮食种植结构单一,为确保粮食安全稳定、多元化发展,需要明确该地区粮食生产结构中不同作物的变化特点和竞争优势.[方法]文章运用Shift-Share模型对"镰刀弯"地区的粮食作物生产结构和竞争力优势进行比较,分析了水稻、玉米、薯类、豆类以及其他作物的结构和竞争力优势差异.[结果]"镰刀弯"地区内部不同区域之间不同作物的结构优势和竞争力优势差异明显,其主要原因在于不同作物的播种面积和单位面积产量增长变动速度不同.[结论]"镰刀弯"地区粮食种植结构的调整,尤其是玉米种植面积的调减,应当充分考虑不同作物之间的优势差异,在满足可持续发展和市场需求且不形成过度供给的情况下,增加优势作物的种植,最终形成合理的种植结构和区域布局.     

基于比较优势的中国玉米生产布局变迁及优化研究

[目的]基于2000—2018年中国各地区玉米生产面板数据,实证分析中国玉米生产布局变迁的轨迹、驱动因素及优化方向。[方法]文章运用区域重心分析法测定并描绘中国玉米生产布局变迁轨迹,运用面板模型实证分析玉米生产布局变迁影响因素,并基于比较优势理论,针对影响因素进一步分析中国各玉米种植区域的比较优势,探讨中国玉米生产布局优化方向。[结果]（1）中国玉米生产重心向东北方向移动明显,以黑龙江、吉林等省份为主的北方春播玉米区逐渐取代黄淮海夏播玉米区成为我国第一大玉米主产区;玉米生产布局变迁是玉米生长季温度、生长季降雨量、玉米生产成本和有效灌溉面积等因素综合作用的结果,且不同种植区域在这4个因素上具有不同的比较优势。（2）玉米种植优势产区主要集中在东北和黄淮海地区,包括内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、陕西、天津、河北、山东、河南;非优势产区主要集中在西南山地丘陵区,包括四川、贵州、云南、重庆、青海、西藏;其余为较优势产区,主要分布在南方和西部区域。[结论]我国应遵循玉米生产布局变迁规律,因地制宜,优化玉米生产布局,并提高跨区域粮食调配能力,确保区域间粮食供需平衡。     

我国玉米生产空间布局变迁及其影响因素分析

[目的]玉米是我国重要的粮食作物之一,玉米空间布局的变化对国内玉米市场的供求价格及供需关系产生影响之外,并在更深层次对我国玉米产业的发展产生影响。[方法]立足空间计量经济学的研究理论,文章首先应用全局Moran's I指数检验1997—2015年我国省域玉米种植面板数据的空间相关性,并进一步通过构建空间杜宾模型(SDM)实证分析我国玉米种植布局变化的影响因素。[结果]计量结果显示,我国玉米种植布局存在显著的空间正向相关性;农户的以往决策、农业技术、农村基础水利设施、市场粮食价格指数对我国省域玉米种植面积扩大有正向影响,其中技术和政策的空间溢出效应显著;各影响因素的局部性效应致使中国玉米种植布局发生变化。[结论]建议政府部门重视我国省域间玉米产业空间之间的联动性,出台差异化的玉米产业支持办法,稳定省域之间粮食的供求关系,切实做好跨区域粮食调配工作,实现我国粮食自给自足,保障粮食安全。     

我国玉米生产地位、优势与自给率分析

[目的]系统分析我国玉米生产地位、优势和世界人口大国玉米自给率水平,提出未来我国玉米自给率目标及实现路径,为国家粮食安全决策提供参考。[方法]以1980—2017年我国玉米及小麦和水稻等主要粮食作物生产与进出口系列数据、2010—2017年世界人口大国玉米生产与进出口系列数据、我国玉米主产区及美国主要粮食作物生产成本数据、我国玉米主产区主要粮食作物灌溉用水数据、我国主要粮食作物示范田最高单位面积产量、未来我国玉米等主要粮食消费需求等数据为样本,应用时间序列比较分析方法,分析我国玉米生产地位、优势和降低玉米生产成本的关键所在。[结果]玉米是我国规模最大、发展最快、自给率水平最高、生产优势最为明显、增产潜力和消费需求增长空间最大的粮食作物;世界上绝大多数人口大国保持玉米自给。[结论]我国玉米生产具有相对优势,具有很大的降本增产潜力,是决定未来我国粮食安全的重要要素,应将玉米与水稻和小麦予同样重要地位,继续保持目前95%以上的自给率水平。     

浅谈山西省玉米生产现状及对策

玉米是山西省第一大粮食作物,占据山西粮食生产的主导地位,山西省地处世界三大玉米黄金生产带,是国家农业部优势玉米区域种植北方春玉米和黄淮海夏玉米产区,有适宜玉米生长发育的气候条件,日照充足,雨热同步,昼夜温差大,不论面积、单产都有很大的发展潜力。因此,发展玉米生产、力保粮食安全,实现粮食总量产销基本平衡,重点在玉米、潜力在玉米。     

粮食安全与农业结构调整水平的协整分析*——以广东省为例

[目的]实现我国粮食安全与农业结构调整之间(即粮食增产和农民增收)关系的协调,较长时间以来是学界、政界关注的重要议题,但定量分析两者之间内在依存关系的研究一直欠缺。[方法]文章采用协整分析及Granger因果关系检验方法,以广东为例,对我国粮食安全(用粮食总产量来衡量)与农业结构调整水平之间的协整性及因果关系进行了研究。[结果]广东粮食总产量与反映农业结构调整水平的3个指标之间均存在长期均衡关系,且农作物播种面积中粮食作物面积对广东粮食总产量影响最大,每下降1%,粮食总产量下降0. 659 548%。短期内,反映农业结构调整水平的3个指标对广东粮食总产量的影响均存在波动,但由短期偏离拉向长期均衡的牵动作用均较弱。Granger因果关系检验表明农业在国民经济中的比重、农作物播种面积中粮食作物面积早期对广东粮食总产量产生单向影响,但影响程度相对较弱。[结论]提出应从农业结构调整以外的因素着手提高我国粮食安全水平,并通过调整农业区域结构去缓解我国粮食供求市场的结构性矛盾。     

2000~2015年新疆粮食生产时空演替与驱动因素分析

［目的］分析2000~2015年新疆粮食生产的时空演化特征及驱动因素。［方法］文章采用了重心迁移、聚类分析和似无关方程组模型。［结果］（1）2000~2015年间,粮食总产呈波动上升趋势,播种面积呈现“减少—增加”态势,小麦和玉米是新疆最主要的粮食作物,小麦优势地位略有下降,玉米增势明显,水稻、豆类、薯类亦呈下降趋势;（2）“北牧南耕”传统农业格局已被打破,形成天山南北坡两个粮食主产区,人均粮食占有量区域差异增大,未来“北粮南运”趋势可能进一步增强;（3）新疆粮食主产区相邻单元空间趋同性增强,部分粮食作物空间集聚特征逐渐凸显,玉米最显著,小麦、水稻次之,豆类、薯类不明显;（4）似无关方程组回归结果显示,要素投入、社会经济、资源环境、技术水平和市场要素是影响新疆粮食作物生产空间格局变化的主要因素。［结论］为优化粮食生产布局,需要调整不同作物种植结构,适度发展规模经营,加强技术推广应用,同时加强支农政策力度和政策引导。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.