Endogenous trade policy in general equilibrium: An interaction of redistribution rule,trade openness,and labor market condition

Using a general equilibrium framework, the paper derives trade policy endogenously for a small country. It shows that, contrary to the existing literature, a lobbying industry is not guaranteed trade protection; it may even face trade taxes. Besides lobbying, trade policy depends on other factors such as the trade revenue distribution rule, income distribution across groups, trade openness, factor substitutability in production, industry employment size, and labor market flexibility. The paper also shows that the observed phenomenon of government preference for import tariffs over export subsidies—a long overdue puzzle—is an inherent outcome of lobbying equilibrium. It also shows that trade policies such as import tariffs and export taxes that have the same impact on economic market—Lerner symmetry (1936)—are driven by the same forces in the political market.     

The Stolper–Samuelson Theorem Faces Congress

The factor–industry detachment corollary of the Stolper–Samuelson theorem predicts that the economic interests of trade policy are independent of industry and depend only on the type of factor ownership. This paper examines whether congressional voting patterns on trade policy are determined by the factor endowment of the constituency or by its industrial composition. The industry model of trade policy determination is not rejected by the empirical tests while the results for the factor model are ambiguous. This provides evidence that the literature examining congressional voting patterns on broad-based trade policy should re-evaluate the maintained assumption that factors do not matter.     

中国典型高技术产业创新驱动模式

创新驱动战略是新常态背景下我国重要的发展战略,高技术产业是我国实现科技创新的核心产业,在推动科学技术创新和促进产业结构转型升级方面起着重要作用。以北京市为例,利用北京市1997、2002、2007和2012年投入产出表,对4个典型高技术产业的投入结构、产业关联特征进行了实证研究,并引入修正的影响力系数和感应度系数,归纳了我国高技术产业的创新驱动模式：人力资本驱动特征日益显著;对经济的驱动模式以需求拉动为主;产业内互动模式以产业后向关联为主。基于实证研究结果,提出了政策建议：实施差异化的创新人才战略,增强高技术产业供给支撑作用,促进高技术产业内部双向融合发展,基于产业政策立法建立稳定的科技产业政策支持机制。     

Integration, Fragmentation and the Geography of Welfare

The welfare effects of trade integration with endogenous production technology are examined in a monopolistic competition framework. In addition to explaining industry location, trade patterns and accompanying effects on local welfare, the analysis highlights the endogenous change in the costs of supervising fragmented production when economies open up to trade. By regarding fragmentation as a skill‐intensive activity, factor proportions (rather than size) strongly affect the international distribution of gains from trade. Nevertheless, albeit not generally, for a wide range of parameter values, even a skill‐poor country can participate in the gains—despite loss of industry.     

GREENHOUSE‐GAS EMISSION CONTROLS IN AN OPEN ECONOMY*

To examine how greenhouse‐gas emission controls affect a country's industrial and trade structures, this article presents an open economy model that has both Ricardian and Heckscher–Ohlin features. We specifically compare emission quotas, emission taxes, and emission standards. The patterns of production and trade critically hinge on those policy tools. It is shown that a domestic emission control may lead to carbon leakage and may not reduce the world emissions, and that emission standards may work as a “hidden” production subsidy toward an emission‐intensive industry.     

Factor or Industry Cleavages in Trade Policy? An Empirical Analysis of the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem

If factors of production are mobile between industries, the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem predicts that cleavages over trade policy will form along factor lines. Conversely, if factors are immobile, cleavages will form along industry lines. These two hypotheses are empirically examined using micro-data from a survey conducted during the 1988 Canadian federal election—a de facto referendum on free trade. Factors of production are found to be important determinants of preferences on trade policy. However, the industry of employment also helps determine preferences on trade policy. These results are consistent with partial factor mobility.     

服务外包不会像加工贸易那样创造奇迹

服务外包被认为是继加工贸易之后,中国产业经济结构与国际经济体系对接的重要方式。但通过对服务外包的市场容量、生产要素属性、产业组织属性等方面的分析,以及对现代服务业的结构透视,本文认为服务外包是一种产业组织方式的革新,并不能自然地延续加工贸易曾经创造的奇迹。     

Sectoral structure, heterogeneous plants, and international trade

I examine the impact of trade policy on manufacturing plant behavior by developing a methodology that addresses both plant heterogeneity and intersectoral resource reallocation. A plant-level microsimulation based upon the industry structure of Bernard et al. (2003) is linked to a multi-sector computable general equilibrium model. This linkage permits an analysis of plant-level behavior that encompasses the trade-induced changes in factor prices and consumption patterns. The methodology is applied in the examination of two counterfactual trade policy scenarios on the Chilean manufacturing sector. The results suggest that trade liberalization leads to a reallocation of output toward the most productive producers. This result is driven by two primary causes: (a) a reduction in the price of inputs that promotes the expansion of output by the most productive producers and (b) increased competition from overseas that drives the least productive producers out of the market.     

Task Routineness and Trade Policy Preferences

Understanding the formation of individual trade policy preferences is a fundamental input into the modeling of trade policy outcomes. Surprisingly, past studies have found mixed evidence that various labor market and industry attributes of workers affect their trade policy preferences, even though recent studies have found that trade policy can have substantial impacts on workers' incomes. This paper provides the first analysis of the extent to which task routineness affects trade policy preferences using survey data from the American National Election Studies. We find significant evidence that greater task routineness leads workers to be much more supportive of import restrictions, consistent with recent evidence on how trade openness puts downward pressure on employment and wages for workers whose occupations involve routine tasks. In fact, other than education levels, task routineness is the only labor market attribute that displays a robust correlation with individuals' stated trade policy preferences. We also provide evidence that there are some interactions between the economic and non‐economic factors in our study. For example, women's trade policy views are much more invariant to their labor market attributes than men, suggesting that women's views on this issue are driven more by personal and ideological beliefs than men.     

陕西省工业行业碳排放实证研究

运用投入产出模型,首先测算了2002年、2007年及2012年陕西省工业品隐含碳排放量情况。结果发现,3个年份陕西省隐含碳排放量不断增加且呈现出较高的行业集中度,排名前5位的部门由高到低分别为石油化工业、煤石油开采业、金属制品业、非金属制品业及计算机设备制造业。随后,分析了2002年、2007年及2012年陕西省工业品隐含碳排放失衡度。结果表明,在国际贸易方面,上述3个年份陕西省均为隐含碳排放净出口方,说明陕西省为其它国家承担了能源环境负荷;在国内贸易方面,陕西省2002年和2007年为隐含碳排放的净调入方,而2012年变为净调出方,这主要是因为陕西省调出产品增幅较大造成的;在总贸易方面,陕西省隐含碳流动方向与国内贸易相同,这是由于陕西内贸规模远远大于其外贸规模。目前来看,较大的隐含碳流出虽然有利于陕西省经济增长,但所付出的环境代价却不容忽视。因此,陕西省需提高生产技术水平、实现产业结构优化升级与贸易结构低碳化协调发展。     

城市服务业发展、企业出口与加工贸易转型

文章基于中国经济向"服务型经济"转型及面临产业"空心化"挑战的背景,研究了城市服务业发展对企业出口行为的影响,并识别出其对加工贸易转型的作用.实证研究表明,城市服务业发展提升了企业出口概率,也促进了企业出口量的扩张,并且通过"分工效应"促进了企业的出口,通过"工资溢价效应"抑制了企业的出口.进一步研究发现:(1)持续出口企业、存在时间较长企业以及规模较大企业的出口受惠于城市服务业发展,但外资企业、资本密集型企业以及生产率水平较高企业的出口却会因城市服务业发展而受损;(2)加工贸易企业的出口受到城市服务业发展水平的抑制作用;(3)在剔除加工贸易企业后,资本密集型企业和生产率水平较高企业的出口同样会受惠于城市服务业的发展.上述结论意味着,随着"服务型经济"的临近,寻求服务业发展与加工贸易转型的联动机制及助推新兴产业发展,是应对产业"空心化"挑战的关键.     

山东省制造业FDI流入与贸易结构优化的互动作用

针对山东省制造业FDI流入与对外贸易结构优化的定性分析与模型检验表明,两者具有密切的联系,制造业FDI流入对贸易结构优化具有促动作用,贸易结构优化又是制造业吸引FDI流入的重要影响因素。这对山东省制造业外资及外贸引导政策的制定具有一定的启示意义:外资引进政策应因产业技术水平和行业结构而异,外贸与外资政策应在产业竞争优势引导方面保持一致性,加工贸易的发展应控制在适度规模。     

Agglomeration and Economic Development: Import Substitution vs. Trade Liberalisation

This paper analyses a model of economic development in which international differences in industrial structure and income are caused by the agglomeration of industry in a subset of countries. Economic development may not be a gradual process of convergence by all countries, but instead involve countries moving sequentially from the group of poor countries to the group of rich countries. The role of trade policy in promoting industrialisation is studied. While both import substitution and unilateral trade liberalisation may be 'successful' in attracting industry, they attract different sectors and welfare levels are higher under trade liberalisation.     

政府创新偏好、创新要素流动与制造业升级

利用2004—2019年中国内地30个省域面板数据，系统考察创新人员流动和创新资本流动对制造业升级的影响效应及政府创新偏好的调节效应。结果表明，创新人员流动和创新资本流动均对制造业高级化、合理化有显著积极作用。影响机制检验表明，创新人员流动和创新资本流动通过提升创新能力间接推动制造业高级化、合理化；政府创新偏好在创新资本流动与制造业高级化、合理化以及创新人员流动与制造业高级化之间有显著正向调节作用，但对创新人员流动与制造业合理化的调节作用不显著；在两类创新要素流动推动制造业升级过程中，政府创新偏好的调节作用呈现非线性特征。结论对引导创新要素合理流动，推动制造业高级化、合理化发展具有重要借鉴意义。     

Internal trade,productivity and interconnected industries: A quantitative analysis

Does trade within a country affect welfare and productivity? What are the magnitude and consequences of costs to such trade? To answer these questions, we exploit unique Canadian data to measure internal trade costs in a variety of ways—they are large and vary across sectors and provinces. To quantify their consequences for welfare and productivity, we use a recent multi‐sector trade model featuring rich input–output relationships. We find interprovincial trade is an important contributor to Canada's GDP and welfare, though there are significant costs to such trade. Reducing interprovincial trade costs by 10% yields aggregate gains of 0.9%; eliminating our preferred estimates of costs, gains average between 3% and 7%—equivalent to real GDP gains between $50 billion and $130 billion. Finally, as policy reforms are often sector specific, we liberalize sectors one at a time and find gains are largest in highly interconnected industries.     

低碳环境下“一带一路”重点省份先进制造业生产效率测度

选取2009—2016年“一带一路”沿线17个省份的相关数据,在考虑碳排放的情况下运用三阶段DEA和Malmquist方法,搭建指标体系对该区域先进制造业生产效率进行分析。研究发现：规模效率是制约17个省份先进制造业生产效率的关键因素。当受到环境及随机扰动因素影响时,该区域先进制造业生产效率整体呈现“沿海高,内陆低”的地区差异化特征。SFA回归分析发现,产业结构、对外开放水平等因素,对效率有显著影响;从动态角度分析,技术进步是提高Malmquist指数的主要因素。最后为我国整体先进制造业的良性发展提供建议措施,使得先进制造业由要素驱动升级为效率驱动。     

Tariff Structure,Trade Expansion,and Canadian Protectionism, 1870–1910

Canada's trade policy at the end of the 19th century is commonly viewed as protectionist and extremely costly. In this paper, we employ the Anderson‐Neary Trade Restrictiveness Index to re‐examine this view. Based on product‐level customs data, we show that Canadian trade policy between 1870 and 1910 was more restrictive than previously understood, but created smaller welfare losses than previously believed. These results are primarily driven by high tariffs on inelastic, non‐competing import goods. Although Canada's tariff structure becomes more restrictive over the period, our findings indicate it was not as protectionist or as costly as once thought.     

我国光伏产业发展的风险及应对策略

太阳能光伏系统所具有的规模上的灵活性、地域上的适应性、用电上的便利性等特征,决定了光伏产业的市场潜力巨大、发展前景广阔。但受欧美经济持续下滑、贸易保护主义抬头和企业生产盲目扩张等因素影响,光伏产业发展面临着很多困难和问题。光伏产业在应对气候变化和保证能源安全方面意义重大,需要通过产业、科技、财税、金融、外贸等多方面的政策扶持,促进技术升级改造,优化产品结构,降低产品成本,从而实现光伏产业的持续健康发展,为我国的产业结构调整和实体经济发展发挥积极作用。     

美国需求端产业结构的变化及对中国的启示

对产业结构演化的研究都是从供给端计算的产业结构,本文构造了从需求端计算的产业结构并依此对美国需求端产业结构的演化进行了实证分析。研究表明,当年价所计算的美国需求端三次产业结构的变化小于供给端产业结构的变化;1970年以来美国第二产业的变化差异中近40%可以用外贸因素来解释。进而本文采取不变价计算了美国产业结构的变化,研究表明,自1970年以来按不变价计算的美国需求端的产业结构变化很小,且美国第三产业比例提升中有31%可以用不同产业价格因素变化来解释,44%可以用国际贸易来解释,仅有25%可以用第三产业收入弹性的变化来解释,因而收入弹性不是美国第三产业比例提升的重要原因。美国能够维持经常账户的逆差,将第三产业作为动力产业的根本原因在于美元的霸权地位。相比较而言,中国一直以来处于国际收支“双顺差”的状态,中国的具体国情和国家实力均无法满足大规模输出人民币使之成为其他国家储备货币的条件。     

Four Simple Tests of Campaign Contributions and Trade Policy Preferences

This paper uses campaign contribution data to examine trade policy preferences among political action committees. With perfect factor mobility, as the Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) model assumes, interest group trade positions should depend on their factor of production but not on their industry. We show, consistent with the 2 × 2 HO model, that capital groups consistently back representatives supporting trade liberalization while labor groups favor protectionists. Unlike previous work, we also measure the variation in trade policy preferences within capital and labor groups. We find evidence that the industry net export position significantly affects labor unions' trade policy preferences. Industry characteristics have no impact on capital group lobbying. The former result suggests that empirical analyses of labor PAC contributions that exclude industry characteristics may be misspecified.