Project evaluation and organizational form

In situations of imperfect testing and communication, as suggested by Sah and Stiglitz (AER, 1986), organizational forms can be identified with different rules of aggregating evaluations of individual screening units. In this paper, we discuss the relative merits of polyarchical organizations versus hierarchical organizations in evaluating cost-reducing R&D projects when individual units' decision thresholds are fully endogenous. Contrary to the results of Sah and Stiglitz, we find that the relative merit of an organizational form depends on the curvature of the screening functions of the individual evaluation units. We find that for certain parameters organizations would want to implement asymmetric decision rules across screening units. This allows us to derive sufficient conditions for a polyarchy to dominate a hierarchy. We also find conditions for which the cost curves associated with the two organizational forms cross each other. In this case the optimal organizational form will depend on product market conditions and on the “lumpiness” of cost-reducing R&D.     

Coalitional manipulations in a bankruptcy problem

In a bankruptcy problem framework we consider rules immune to possible manipulations by the creditors involved in the problem via merging or splitting of their individual claims. The paper provides characterization theorems for the non manipulable rules, the no advantageous merging parametric rules and the no advantageous splitting parametric rules. Received: 24 February 1998 / accepted: 9 March 1999     

Multiproject team assignments

We consider expected profit maximizing mechanisms for a principal who has to allocate a group of agents among a number of projects, assuming that the principal has incomplete information about each agent's ability type, and the agents follow the Bayes-Nash or the dominant strategy equilibrium behavior. We find that while expected profit maximizing mechanisms are similar to the optimal auction (Myerson, 1981), the incentive compatibility constraints are much more restrictive. Interestingly, these constraints are satisfied if each agent's characteristics change in a consistent manner not only with types, but also from project to project. Received: 30 April 1997 / Accepted: 22 December 1998     

关于做好政府投资项目资金管理的思考

长期以来,我国政府投资项目普遍存在投资失控、监督失控、建设失控、市场失控等现象,国家相继出台了项目法人责任制、资本金制度、招投标制度、代建制管理等一系列制度,对基本建设领域的管理规范化起到极大的推动和促进作用;同时也对如何加强政府投资项目的资金管理,进一步提高财政建设资金的使用效益提出了新要求。本文将就政府投资项目建设资金管理问题进行深入分析,并在借鉴国外发达国家和地区政府投资项目管理经验的基础上,就政府有关部门应如何更好搞好基本建设资金管理提出一些思考和建议。     

Grants structure when the type of public project is endogenous

This paper gives an insight into changes in intergovernmental grants structure, focusing on the type of public project. Presenting a simple model which incorporates the endogenous determination of project type and grants structure, the results show that as the relative cost encountered by central government in collecting public funds increases, the central government tends to choose types of projects which local governments prefer and adopt block grant systems. The resulting equilibrium is compared with an optimal solution based on an utilitarian welfare function. Received: December 22, 2000 / Accepted: September 20, 2001     

建筑工程岩土勘测浅析

本文对岩土勘测进行了简要介绍,得出想要做好建筑工程岩土勘测工作,就必须加强对勘测工作各个环节的质量控制,并通过完善规章制度和加强现场管理的方式最终达到提高勘测报告质量的目的。     

Climate cooperation from Kyoto to Paris: What can be learnt from the CDM experience?

The mitigation of greenhouse gas concentration has become a first-order issue for decision making in environmental sustainability. Countries can meet their mitigation commitments and environmental objectives through multiple instruments. A key role is played by cooperative mechanisms, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), under the Kyoto Protocol, and a similar mechanism established by the Paris Agreement (Art. 6), whose implementation rules are still under negotiation. However, another form of cooperation was already established under the different framework of the Official Development Assistance (ODA), potentially sharing abatement purposes. This paper aims to compare the mitigation actions implemented either as CDM or ODA projects. We conduct a multi-criteria econometric analysis, based on an originally created, harmonised dataset that merges renewable energy CDM projects and comparable ODA projects to investigate the role of the institutional framework in influencing the effectiveness of reducing emissions worldwide. Results show that the Kyoto Protocol had a positive impact in terms of cost-effectiveness for renewable energy projects and that it stimulated policy actions for environmental sustainability. Accordingly, in view of the implementation of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, it is extremely important both to look to the past to draw lessons from Kyoto's successes and failures and to apply multi-criteria decision-making approaches for the design of environmental policies.     

物流中心选址的两阶段法研究

本文研究物流中心的最优选址问题,提出了重心法和层次分析法相结合的一种两阶段选址方法.提出应用重心法求一组物流中心备选方案的方法及原则,并借助层次分析法对备选方案进行综合因素比较,给出了层次分析模型中的各判断矩阵元素的取值范围.实例计算表明该方法的计算结果综合指标好,可操作性强.     

监理实施细则模块化管理初探

监理细则一般按照专业编制,由于工程项目千差万别以及监理人员技术素质的差异,同一专业的监理细则也存在较大的区别,很多细则缺乏针对性和可操作性,不能成为有效的指导性作业文件。以分项工程为单位编制模块化的监理细则,分为五个部分,即概况、依据、流程、要点、检查表目录,既可以保证其具有可操作性,又便于管理层对监理方、施工方工作的检查,提高工作效率。     

Rational probation decisions for juvenile delinquents

Assuming a risk of innocent conviction and fully rational individuals, the current study addresses the effects of immediate punishment and probation rules. Strict dominance of a probation rule requires that the judicial system is highly unreliable and, at the same time, learning over criminal careers is strong. Else, an optimal punishment scheme can always be based on either regularly offering probation or appropriate immediate punishments. Received: July 2000 / Accepted: November 2001 RID="*" ID="*" The authors gratefully acknowledge valuable comments by three anonymous referees and the US co-editor of the journal.     

多点配送中心选址及求解蚁群算法

将多点配送中心选址问题(multi-distribution center location problem,MDLP)映射为扩展K-TSP过程并设计了改进的蚁群算法。为提高算法的求解性能,在蚂蚁的选择规则里加入了代价引导函数,使用2-opt策略优化可行解并优化了信息素的更新方式。仿真算例及算法对比表明,模型和算法可以有效地表达和求解MDLP。     

基于实物期权的自主创新投资决策及其组合管理

不确定性环境下投资决策的实物期权方法（Real Options)已被广泛应用于项目的价值评估与投资决策。企业的柔性决策等方面。本文应用实物期权方法系统分析了垄断情形下企业的自主创新投资策略与决策规律，在此基础上，阐述了企业的自主创新项目的组合管理方法。     

浅谈财政专项资金效益审计的重点及方法

本文从财政专项资金项目的申报立项、资金流向、管理活动、制度运作、资金使用、效益产出等方面的审计探讨了财政专项资金效益审计的重点内容与方法，提出了开展财政专项资金效益审计的一些新思路。     

建筑施工企业项目管理现状及对策

通过对工程项目管理理论进行研究,分析了我国目前建筑工程施工项目管理的现状及存在的主要问题,并根据工作经验提出相应的对策和具体的工程项目管理方法,为提高我国建筑企业的工程管理水平提供参考.     

融资结构与资本预算方法选择

传统的资本预算方法因没有考虑负债对企业的影响,权衡理论认为负债会给企业带来节税收益,降低股东与经理之间的代理成本,同时也会给企业带来财务困境成本和股东与债权人之间的代理成本。修正现值法、权益现金流量法和加权平均资本成本法,是西方主流反映负债融资对投资项目价值正负效应杠杆企业的资本预算方法。本文对此进行了探讨。     

公路施工企业复合标底投标报价博弈模型的研究

通过对公路工程复合标底投标报价的分析,研究了复合标底的评分办法的博弈规则,建立了基于博弈论的投标报价模型,分析了模型的假设条件及适用范围,并对模型进行了全面评述。     

When should central bankers be fired?

In recent years, a number of countries have changed their central banking institutions. Often these reforms involve granting long terms of office to central bankers. This threatens to limit the extent to which the central bank can be held accountability. Dismissal rules can help ensure accountability, and, in the presence of inflation shocks, the socially optimal commitment policy is supported by a dismissal rule similar to a modified nominal income rule. The government's promise to follow the rule is shown to be credible in a trigger strategy equilibrium for reasonable parameter values. Received: March 26, 1999 / Accepted: September 20, 2001     

Creating a climate for inter-organizational networking through people management

The innovation output and competitiveness of firms increasingly rely on the ability to build and use inter-organizational networks. Previous studies on stimulating inter-organizational networking have largely ignored a critical factor: people management. Therefore, there is a need to identify people management practices that create a climate for inter-organizational networking. In this paper, we first analyze the literature for factors that affect networking behavior. Then, we proceed to identify the key people management practices we expect will affect these factors and will, thus, positively influence employee networking behavior. According to theory and research, the most effective people management practices for creating a climate conducive to inter-organizational networking are: (1) recruitment and selection; (2) training and development; (3) rewards and recognition; (4) supervisory support; (5) rules regarding knowledge disclosure; (6) time pressure; and (7) collaborative programs and projects. A system of mutually reinforcing people management practices will be more effective than the sum of single practices. Therefore, managers should adopt a coherent and consistent system of people management for inter-organizational networking.     

关于焊接工艺评定若干问题的探讨

基于在焊接工艺评定过程中出现的过程混乱、评定试件形式过多及评定项目重复、覆盖不全等问题,根据有关标准和焊接实践,本文从评定流程、评定规则、评定项目、焊后消除应力热处理的保温温度时间及冲击试验温度方面进行了分析和探讨,为压力容器制造单位的焊接工艺人员在进行焊接工艺评定时提供参考。