2012年通货膨胀预期分析及货币政策选择

2011年我国的CPI经历了高速上涨,我国采取了紧缩性的货币政策来应对物价水平的上涨。2012年我国的CPI将呈现何种走势、我国的货币政策应该何去何从成为大家关注的焦点。一2012年通货膨胀的原因分析由于国内外环境的不断变化,2012年诱发通货膨胀的原因主要有四个。     

如何管理通货膨胀预期

通货膨胀是经济学中的一种特有现象,因此,对通货膨胀的预期管理是关键,本文列举国外的案例,对我国通货膨胀管理现状进行了深入的分析,为我国提供了有效管理通货膨胀预期的方法和途径：估计一定时期的菲利普斯曲线;研判货币政策影响通货膨胀的机制;确定货币政策管理通货膨胀预期的手段;建立反馈与再调节机制。     

通货膨胀预期的运行特征及其对我国货币政策的启示

国内学者就我国经济转型时期通货膨胀预期的运行特征展开了初步研究。文章对这一领域的研究成果进行了理论概括,认为通胀预期主体的分层性、通胀预期基础的混沌性、通胀预期过程的持续性、通胀预期强度的波动性是我国当前通货膨胀预期的基本特征。现阶段通胀预期强化的直接原因在于过度宽松的货币政策。弱化通胀预期、缓解通胀压力的短期措施是货币政策尽快转向正常化。     

宏观经济政策对通货膨胀预期影响的时变性研究

宏观经济政策会对通货膨胀预期造成一定的影响,两者之间存在着一种动态关系,这种影响具有较强的时变性特征,文章通过对我国过去一段时间里经济发展状态的分析发现,数量型货币政策工具在调控通货膨胀方面的影响会随着时间推移而逐渐减弱,财政政策工具对其的调控效果曾经在2012~2015年间迅速减弱,但在那之后就逐渐恢复;货币政策工具当中的价格型政策工具和财政政策工具中的转移支付更加适用于对通货膨胀的调控。     

探析我国货币政策有效性的影响因素

2010年中国人民银行上调存款准备金率0．5％的消息一经发出,业界关于我国通货膨胀的预期和货币政策走向紧缩的预测不绝于耳。然而,央行此举是否是市场通货膨胀的预警信号？货币政策是否会走向紧缩？文章认为,我国货币政策有效性的发挥有其一定的限制条件,故未来货币政策仍将以适度宽松的为主,保增长任务依然繁重。     

央行报告提出“五大招式”管理通胀预期

央行近日发布的《2010年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告》称,我国正处于改革转轨阶段,通货膨胀预期的形成因素较发达经济体更为复杂也有所不同,在管理通胀预期时,主要     

货币政策意外、利率期限结构与通货膨胀预期管理

本文基于利率期限结构分析了通货膨胀预期对中央银行货币政策意外和中央银行沟通行为的反应,并对通货膨胀预期管理的效果进行了评价。结果显示:货币政策意外在一定程度上增加了市场的中短期通胀预期,对长期通胀预期的影响不大;公开市场操作、存贷款利率调整和存款准备金率调整三种货币政策操作对通胀预期的影响存在明显差异;央行惯例沟通对通胀预期没有影响,央行行长讲话会加大通胀预期波动;货币政策操作和央行沟通行为对通胀预期的冲击在2008～2009年出现了结构性变化;通胀预期管理效果一直不佳,需要进一步完善通胀预期形成及其传导机制并改善央行的政策操作与沟通行为。     

我国通胀持久性的区间转换分析及其政策启示

抗通胀是当前一个阶段我国经济面临的重要难题。本文通过非线性小波变换阀值去噪和双区间Markov转移模型的分析表明,无论高通胀区还是低通胀区,我国通货膨胀的持久性均在0.9以上,通胀率偏离预期后受到随机冲击所需的回复时间较长,通货膨胀的治理成本较高。为有效降低我国通胀的高持久性,提高央行货币政策制定的透明度和政策施行的信用度是首要解决的问题。     

央行报告提出“五大招式”管理通胀预期

央行近日发布的《2010年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告》称，我国正处于改革转轨阶段，通货膨胀预期的形成因素较发达经济体更为复杂也有所不同，在管理通胀预期时，主要做好以下五方面工作：     

从CPI看通货膨胀预期的强化

就目前中国情况来看，无论是过高的通货膨胀率还是经济形势总体过热，无论是通货膨胀率过高的持续性还是货币政策执行力度，都在强化市场对通货膨胀上行的预期。     

What Causes China＇s High Inflation？ A Threshold Structural Vector Autoregression Analysis

China＇s astonishing economic growth implies a necessity to understand its inflation. The present paper employs threshold nonrecursive structural vector autoregression analysis to explore the asymmetric effects of macro-variables on inflation in low and high inflation regimes. The empirical evidence demonstrates, first, that the reactions of inflation to various shocks are inflation-regime-dependent and asymmetric. Second, monetary policy influences China ＂s high inflation and adjusting the domestic interest rate in China may be an effective way to control inflation in a high inflation regime, but not in a low inflation regime. In a high inflation regime, a high inflation rate may cause the macro-policy authorities to increase the domestic interest rate, in an attempt to stabilize high inflation. Third, contrary to expectations, the world oil price is not a strong cost-push factor in a low inflation regime. Oil price increases may increase inflation in a high inflation regime, but there is no such obvious effect in a low inflation regime. Finally, China ＂s nominal effective exchange rate influences inflation in both low and high inflation regimes. A nominal effeetive exchange rate appreciation might be effective in controlling domestic inflation in both regimes.     

Inflation and Macroeconomic Instability in Madagascar

The relationships between inflation and macroeconomic instability are discussed analytically, using a simple monetary model with rational expectations, with an application to the case of Madagascar. The recent macroeconomic history of this country suggests that high inflation is correlated with high volatility of the inflation rate and the real effective exchange rate. The relevance of this observation is confirmed by an empirical analysis of the relationships between inflation, competitiveness and instability in Madagascar.     

我国金融压抑与通货膨胀关系研究——基于MSVAR模型的分析

文章运用MSVAR模型对我国金融压抑程度与通货膨胀的关系进行了研究,发现我国通货膨胀率存在明显的高通胀区域和低通胀区域特征。在高通胀区域,价格高位持续时间较短,波动幅度大,金融压抑对通货膨胀具有显著的负向效应;而在低通胀区域,价格低位持续时间较长,波动幅度小,金融压抑对通胀水平的效应是正向的。两者的非线性特征对货币政策实施和金融自由化策略有着重要的政策含义。     

The fisher hypothesis: Evidence from three high inflation economies

Conclusions In this paper, we have found strong evidence for a long-run unit proportional relationship between nominal interest rates and anticipated inflation for three high inflation economies (Argentina, Brazil and Mexico). These results contrast with the mixed evidence found for low inflation economies. We also found that for those three countries, as well as for the United States and Australia, the speed of adjustment of interest rates to inflationary shocks does not appear to depend directly on the absolute level of the inflation rate or any measure of inflation rate volatility.     

Inflation and Economic Growth in China： An Empirical Analysis

Using official provincial data for gross provincial product, consumer price index and other explanatory variables from 1986 to 2006, the present paper investigates the nonlinear effects of inflation on economic growth in China. The main finding of the study is that the inflation threshold effect is highly significant and robust in China. Above the 2.50 percent threshold, every 1‐percentage point increase in the inflation rate impedes economic growth by 0.61 percent; below this threshold, every 1‐percentage point increase in the inflation rate stimulates growth by 0.53 percent. This indicates that high inflation harms economic growth, whereas moderate inflation benefits growth. We suggest that China should maintain a moderate inflation rate for long‐run growth.     

HONG KONG'S INFLATION AND DEFLATION UNDER THE US DOLLAR PEG: THE BALASSA-SAMUELSON EFFECT OR EXPORT PRICE SHOCKS?

Hong Kong's US dollar peg, adopted in 1983, has failed to deliver price stability. Hong Kong experienced high inflation before the Asian financial crisis and prolonged deflation after it. The annual rate of inflation (GDP-deflator based) was 7.4% in the first period (1985–97) and −2.0% in the second (1998–2007). There was no clear trend for the inflation rate to converge to the US level. The nominal anchor via a fixed exchange rate in Hong Kong had an upward and downward drift in the order of 4% from the US inflation rate, casting doubt on the anchor's efficacy. Despite Hong Kong's high output growth relative to that of the United States, the Balassa-Samuelson effect was not the main factor behind the pre-Asian crisis inflation. Price shocks in service exports played a major role in Hong Kong's general prices through the two periods.     

Depreciation,inflation and capital replacement*

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of depreciation, taxes and inflation on the optimal timing of asset replacement in accordance with the Canadian tax laws. The main findings are that an increase in the capital cost allowance rate will delay (accelerate) replacement of fixed assets at low (high) levels of capital cost allowance rates, and that an increase in the annual inflation rate will delay (accelerate) replacement of fixed assets at low (high) levels of inflation. The applications of the replacement model are illustrated with numerical examples.     

What to Aim for? The Choice of an Inflation Objective when Openness Matters

Inflation targeting countries generally define the inflation objective in terms of the consumer price index. Studies in the academic literature, however, reach conflicting conclusions concerning which measure of inflation a central bank should target in a small open economy. This paper examines the properties of domestic, CPI, and real-exchange-rate-adjusted (REX) inflation targeting. In one class of open economy New Keynesian models there is an isomorphism between optimal policy in an open versus closed economy. In the type of model we consider, where the real exchange rate appears in the Phillips curve, this isomorphism breaks down; openness matters. REX inflation targeting restores the isomorphism but this may not be desirable. Instead, under domestic and CPI inflation targeting the exchange rate channel can be exploited to enhance the effects of monetary policy. Our results indicate that CPI inflation targeting delivers price stability across the three inflation objectives and will be desirable to a central bank with a high aversion to inflation instability. CPI inflation targeting also does a better job of stabilizing the real exchange rate and interest rate which is an advantage from the standpoint of financial stability. REX inflation targeting does well in achieving output stability and has an advantage if demand shocks are predominant. In general, the choice of the inflation objective affects the trade-offs between policy goals and thus policy choices and outcomes.     

美国现行宽松货币政策对世界物价的影响——基于不同经济体通货膨胀表现的分析

美国2007年年底开始大幅下调利率,2009年以来又采取了量化宽松的货币政策。与此同时,世界各国,尤其是新兴市场和发展中经济体发生了严重的通货膨胀。虽然美国的宽松货币政策确实提高了2008年以来的通货膨胀率,但是却不能解释新兴市场和发展中经济的通货膨胀普遍高于发达经济体的事实。高通胀的原因仍然在于各国国内的高货币供给。