陕西实施精准扶贫战略个案研究——以岚皋县为例

在全面建设小康社会的背景下,从岚皋县个案展开对陕西省脱贫攻坚情况的研究。思路为:基于精准扶贫理论,从产业脱贫、易地搬迁脱贫、生态脱贫、教育脱贫、医疗脱贫、就业脱贫、旅游脱贫、兜底脱贫、金融扶贫等角度深入阐述和总结岚皋县脱贫经验,并建议加强岚皋富硒茶的品牌建设和保护生态环境。     

长期减贫的未雨绸缪——来自扶贫改革试验区的证据

巩固脱贫成果和解决相对贫困是2020年后中国长期减贫面临的主要挑战,为此东部地区率先进行了实践创新。本文以2003—2016年中国东部80个地级市的数据为样本,利用扶贫改革试验区的设立作为准自然实验,使用合成控制法识别了试验区政策的减贫效应、影响机制及作用渠道。结果显示:政策的实施显著实现了收入减贫与多维减贫,即农户收入得到提高和跌入多维贫困概率降低;丽水试验区的减贫效果最明显,阜新和清远的减贫效果一般;试验区内家庭的各类收入增加,贫困脆弱性和慢性贫困降低。进一步分析表明,减贫效果差异的宏观影响机制是包容性增长,政策主要通过保险覆盖、金融参与和社会网络等渠道对家户增收和减贫产生间接影响。本文的结论对于制定差别化扶贫政策、创新贫困监测机制、构建多元协同扶贫机制以及建立城乡统筹反贫困体系都有重要参考价值。     

扶贫的企业力量——来自中国上市公司扶贫效果的证据

随着扶贫攻坚进入新时期,以政府为主导的扶贫攻坚面临诸多约束与局限,亟须广泛动员社会力量,尤其是企业力量共同参与。为回答企业的扶贫参与是否有效,以及地区差异对其是否有影响,本文利用2010—2017年A股上市公司所发布的企业社会责任报告信息,对企业扶贫参与的效果进行了研究。研究发现:(1)西部地区的企业、与消费者直接接触的企业以及规模大、经营业绩好的企业更倾向于参与扶贫攻坚;(2)企业的扶贫参与有助于提高农村居民人均收入,且在欠发达地区,企业参与扶贫的效果更好。这表明以企业为代表的社会力量响应了国家精准扶贫的号召,履行了企业社会责任,确实有助于巩固脱贫成果,实现欠发达地区的脱贫。本文基于企业参与扶贫的视角,拓展了扶贫攻坚另一参与主体——社会力量的相关研究,同时也丰富了企业履行社会责任所带来的社会效益的相关文献。     

Bankers at the gate: Microfinance and the high cost of borrowed logics

In this paper we examine how the interaction between influences of commercial banking and poverty alleviation shaped the evolution of modern microfinance. Using institutional theory as a lens, we observe that the commercial banking logic increasingly displaced the microfinance field's foundational poverty alleviation and development principles over time. We argue that this process of displacement can occur inadvertently as organizations that embody multiple logics draw disproportionately on only one of those logics when developing legitimating accounts of their activity to stakeholders. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of permeability – the extent to which the elements of a logic are ambiguous and loosely coupled – to explain why some logics may be more or less open to the influence of other logics. We conclude by discussing implications for entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation more generally.     

Understanding subsistence marketplaces: Toward sustainable consumption and commerce for a better world

This article provides the background and the events leading up to this special issue, and the composition of articles that follow. This special issue includes articles that take a bottom-up approach in understanding and explaining subsistence marketplaces, focusing on individual, communal, and cultural factors that influence consumers and entrepreneurs who live at or near subsistence, and who comprise a majority of the world's population. This bottom-up focus is distinct and complementary to the macro-level economic development and mid-level business strategy (e.g., base of the pyramid) approaches to the role of business in poverty alleviation. This special issue consists largely of papers based on presentations at the second subsistence marketplace conference held in Chicago in 2008, with articles and essays reflecting a healthy commingling of disciplinary perspectives that cuts across social and commercial enterprises.     

发展经济学视角下脱贫攻坚战胜利的理论分析

摆脱贫困一直是困扰全球发展和治理的突出难题。我国脱贫攻坚战的全面胜利充分彰显了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的真理伟力。从发展经济学的视角来看,脱贫攻坚的提出符合经济发展阶段理论的要求,脱贫攻坚的过程是区域协调发展理论的外在表现,脱贫攻坚的全面胜利是循环累积因果关系的必然结果。虽然取得全面胜利,防止将来大规模返贫任务依然严峻。     

Corporate social responsibility for poverty alleviation: An integrated research framework

There is a growing demand by United Nations development agencies and governments for a higher engagement of firms in sustainable development goals, including that of eradicating poverty. Nevertheless, the social issue of poverty has not traditionally been covered by firms’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. In addition, there is a need to integrate theories in order to better explain pro‐poor CSR in developing countries. Relying on a review of both conceptual and empirical research articles on CSR for poverty alleviation, this study contributes to the CSR research agenda by proposing an integrated research framework for assessing and explaining a firm's contribution to poverty alleviation. Besides discussing the existing evidence, the following issues are critically analysed with the general purpose of obtaining the framework and suggesting avenues for future research: the assessment of a firm's contribution to poverty alleviation, types of pro‐poor CSR initiatives that could be adopted by firms, and the factors influencing a firm's contribution. The framework, which intends to be useful for future research, can also assist the United Nations to increase the firms’ contribution to its alleviating poverty sustainable development goal.     

Strategic motivations and choice in subsistence markets

This paper examines the different motivations behind strategic choice in base of the pyramid or subsistence markets. Two strategies are examined through comparative analysis: market extension and strategic intent. Using two commercial bank's micro-lending business strategies in Sri Lanka, a comparative case study suggests that strategic intent is motivated by building capabilities over time that results in successful poverty alleviation, whereas market expansion is motivated by an immediate desire to expand overall sales revenue. This conclusion may help reframe subsistence market or BoP arguments away from such false choices as appropriate size (e.g., multinational corporations versus small and medium size enterprises) toward more useful discussion on understanding why firms participate in subsistence markets and what is the motivation behind their strategic choice. By considering more than just size and scope and studying the motivations behind long-term solutions to poverty alleviation, firm success can be better understood and achieved.     

Entrepreneurship as a solution to poverty

Individuals living in poverty remain a critical issue. This special issue focuses on how entrepreneurship can help to solve such poverty. Rather than viewing those in poverty as a market for goods, the solution lies in understanding how to help those living in poverty create their own businesses. Ultimately, entrepreneurship among those in poverty will create a long lasting solution to their poverty. Herein, we initially examine the extant knowledge about entrepreneurship. We then examine where future research on this important topic should move. Finally, we introduce the five articles that make up this special issue. These five articles came from the initial 71 submissions and enhance our knowledge about entrepreneurship as a pathway to reducing poverty.     

社区邻里效应对个人贫困的影响有多大

社区邻里效应是造成个体长期贫困以及贫困集聚的主要原因之一,研究中国的社区邻里效应现象有助于解决中国的贫困集聚问题。本文基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)1989—2015年的数据,检验了社区邻里效应的存在性,计算了社区邻里效应对个体贫困概率的影响大小,探究了社区邻里效应对个体贫困的长期影响以及对个体贫困时长的影响,最后还计算了社区邻里效应能够解释个体贫困、学历水平以及收入水平差异的百分比。结果发现:中国存在显著的社区邻里效应,同时社区邻里效应具有非线性特征;良好的社区邻里环境使得个体贫困概率显著降低、学历水平和收入水平显著提高,女性和城市个体的贫困状态更易受到社区邻里效应的影响,不可观测因素在一定程度上增强了社区邻里效应对个体贫困、学历和收入的作用;社区邻里效应对个体贫困的影响具有长期特征,对个人贫困时长的影响也十分显著;个体贫困状态差异的1/4、个体学历水平和收入水平差异的1/5可归因于社区邻里效应。因此,扶贫过程中应当关注社区邻里效应。     

地方政府财政压力与企业精准扶贫投入

地方政府为如期完成精准扶贫任务,在财政压力较大的情况下,是否会将其压力转移到企业?基于2016-2018年上市公司手工收集的精准扶贫数据,本文考察了地方政府财政压力对企业精准扶贫投入的影响。研究发现:(1)地方政府财政压力对企业精准扶贫投入具有“促进”作用,在政府财政压力较大的地区,企业精准扶贫投入越多,且在控制了地区农村贫困人口数后依然成立;(2)政府财政压力的影响作用在不同性质企业中存在明显差异,较于国有企业,政府财政压力对非国有企业的精准扶贫投入影响更大;(3)良好的市场化环境削弱了政府财政压力的影响作用,在市场化程度越高的地区,政府财政压力对企业精准扶贫投入的影响越小;(4)进一步分组检验发现,政府财政压力对企业精准扶贫投入的影响作用主要体现在享受政府财政补贴、税收优惠或银行贷款较多的企业中。本研究的政策启示在于,地方政府需注意企业承担精准扶贫任务的“适当性”。     

旅游减贫效应的门槛特征分析及实证检验——基于中国省际面板数据的研究

文章利用中国2000-2013年省际面板数据,通过构建面板门槛回归模型,对旅游发展与贫困减缓的非线性关系进行了实证检验。结果表明,在控制其它变量的条件下,中国旅游发展对贫困减缓的作用以积极影响为主,同时呈现显著的门槛特征。具体而言,中国旅游发展对贫困减缓的促进作用表现为基于经济发展水平的双重门槛特征、基于旅游资源禀赋的三重门槛特征以及基于交通便利程度的单一门槛特征,随着门槛变量处于不同发展阶段,旅游发展并非总对贫困减缓产生实质贡献。为此,文章提出的政策建议是：在思想观念上,客观认识旅游发展与贫困减缓之间关系的复杂性,正确指导旅游减贫开发实践;在发展路径上,贫困地区应发挥主动性和创造性,提高旅游减贫精准性;在发展政策上,实现由统一指令性政策向灵活协调性政策转变;发展保障上,政府部门应积极发挥主导作用,为旅游减贫创造有利条件。     

Creating mutual value: Lessons learned from ventures serving base of the pyramid producers

The base of the pyramid (BoP) literature is grounded in the proposition of mutual value creation, an important but not yet well-tested relationship between business development and poverty alleviation. This paper begins to address this gap by assessing how business ventures serving BoP producers address local constraints and create mutual value. Using a case study methodology, sixty-four ventures are analyzed to identify the constraints faced by BoP producers. These are classified into productivity and transactional constraints. While the former set of constraints inhibits local value creation, the latter severely diminish the value capture potential of BoP producers. An in-depth analysis of eleven agricultural ventures provides insight into the strategies that ventures use to address constraints and enhance value creation and capture by BoP producers. The findings also indicate that alleviating constraints creates value not only for local producers, but also for the ventures themselves.     

Toward a theory of transformative entrepreneuring: Poverty reduction and conflict resolution in Rwanda's entrepreneurial coffee sector

This study illustrates how entrepreneurship may catalyze prosperity as well as peace in entrenched poverty–conflict zones. We bring to life a conceptualization of transformative entrepreneuring by assessing interrelationships between poverty and conflict indicators from the perspective of rural dwellers in Rwanda's entrepreneurial coffee sector. Our findings suggest that individuals' perceptions of poverty alleviation and conflict reduction are sequentially linked, notably via increased quality of life. This enables us to advance theory on entrepreneuring by unpacking the mechanisms through which entrepreneurial processes may transform the lives of such ‘ordinary’ entrepreneurs in settings where economic and social value creation are desperately needed.     

The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development

This article examines how the international business (IB) literature has addressed social responsibility issues in the past 50 years, highlighting key developments and implications from a historical perspective. Specific attention is paid to the Journal of World Business (JWB), which has covered the whole period and published relevant articles related to these issues, in comparison to the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), the other long-standing IB journal. The article outlines that they illustrate different conceptualizations of IB and social responsibility. The 50-year review shows three subthemes: the (green) environment; ethics, rights and responsibilities; poverty and (sustainable) development. These are discussed consecutively, including main contributions and promising areas to further the field.     

我国脱贫减贫:现状、问题与战略转型研究

我国脱贫减贫呈现出典型的阶段性推进特征。通过持续的大规模扶贫开发,绝对贫困问题总体解决,区域性整体贫困明显缓解,贫困地区生活质量全面提高。但减贫也存在相对贫困人口规模较大,贫困人口识别标准单一,脱贫减贫主体发挥作用不够,扶贫减贫治理碎片化等问题。2020年我国脱贫攻坚任务如期完成后,绝对贫困解决但相对贫困仍将长期存在。发达国家减贫的贫困线设置、提升减贫内生动力、精准扶贫对象、分类设计保障性扶贫等有效做法,值得我们借鉴。适应新形势,2020年后我国减贫重心要转向常规治理相对贫困,减贫治理要转向统筹城乡贫困治理一体化,减贫政策要重在防止贫困人口返贫,减贫对象要更加关注特殊地区和特殊人群。     

老龄化与农村老年人口多维贫困——基于AF方法的贫困测度与分解

利用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS) 2010、2012、2014和2016四次调查数据,基于Alkire和Foster(2011)提出的AF方法测算了农村老年人的多维贫困,并进一步通过贫困分解的方式考察了人口老龄化对农村多维贫困的影响。研究发现:农村地区老年人口的多维贫困程度要甚于农村总体的多维贫困,并且老年人多维贫困的改善主要源自贫困人口数量的下降,而非贫困程度的改善;教育和就业两个维度的剥夺对于农村老年人口多维贫困的贡献率最高,其中教育维度的剥夺对总体多维贫困的贡献率有所上升,但就业维度剥夺的贡献率则有所下降;人口结构老龄化部分抵消了老年人多维贫困减缓幅度,并且对农村总体多维贫困变化产生了负面影响。     

Business Strategy and Poverty Alleviation

Currently, entrepreneurs and corporations overwhelmingly do not view the alleviation of global poverty as a strategic priority. Yet business activity can have a negative as well as a positive effect on each distinctive form of poverty. In order to reduce poverty, entrepreneurs have to find ways of limiting the negative aspects. This might be achieved by deliberately augmenting strategies so that they can achieve a synthesis, in partnership with governments and NGO’s. Alan E. Singer is a reader in strategy at the university of Canterbury. He was the 2004/5 Aram chair of Business Ethics at Gonzaga. He is author of Strategy as Rationality (Avebury), Co editor (with Pat Werhane) of Business Ethics in Theory and Practice (Kluwer) and editor of Business Ethics and Strategy (Ashgate, forthcoming). He has written journal articles on many aspects of strategy and decision making and has served on the editorial boards of Journal of Business Ethics (to 2003), Human Systems Management, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, African Journal of Business Ethics and the Journal of Economic Development and Business Policy.     

农村劳动力流动对脱贫的影响文献综述

关于农村劳动力流动与贫困之间的关系一直是社会各界广泛关注的焦点。本研究通过对相关文献的梳理,针对劳动力外出务工的减贫效应,从贫困缓解论、贫困加剧论以及不确定论三方面进行概述,重点分析劳动力流动对我国农村贫困的影响及机制。结果表明,农村劳动力外出务工通过提高农户非农收入和改善整个社会的资源配置效率在收入维度上对农村贫困具有一定减缓作用,但同时,受农村劳动力过量流失的影响,外出务工在农户生活照料及社会保障等多维贫困上并未表现出显著作用,甚至存在一定负面影响。因此,应把握好劳动力外出之度,促进劳动力就近就业,同时加强对农村留守人员的社会保障,以实现多维脱贫、乡村繁荣。     

贫困线调整与贫困发生率比较问题研究评析

贫困线设定及其调整是否合理、贫困发生率是否可以跨时跨地比较,这是扶贫理论研究与实践中两个非常重要的基础性问题。本文归纳了因计算方案和贫困线调整导致贫困发生率不可比的主要问题,包括由于消费支出定义外延不一致、调查回顾期限不一致、地区差异、时点不同等,相应地总结梳理了目前解决这类问题的经验与方法,在此基础上评价了各种方法的优缺点,并提出解决类似问题的进一步研究方向。