日本女性就业状况的变化及其原因分析

随着日本女性的社会地位不断提高,男主外,女主内的传统思想正在改变,很多女性进入社会就职。男女雇佣机会均等时代的到来、促进妇女就业的法规措施的强化、雇佣形态的多样化发展、子女教育费的压力、女性生活意识的变化等因素推动了日本女性就业的发展。但是,日本女性就业的同时也产生了诸多的社会影响。     

Equal Employment Opportunity Law and the gender wage gap in Japan: A cohort analysis

In this article, I perform a cohort-based analysis of the female-to-male wage gap using aggregate data in Japan from 1975 to 2005. While the inter-cohort closing in the gender wage gap is apparent, the convergence is smaller when the gap is calculated for each level of education. This pattern suggests that a certain portion of the gender wage convergence is due to changes in the educational composition of the workforce. I find that educational composition changes played a larger role in closing the pay gap for younger cohorts than it did for older cohorts. Highly educated women who entered the labor market after the enactment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Law gained in that they had more regular full-time employment but did not experience wage gains relative to their male counterparts.     

Part-time workers doing full-time work in Japan

This paper is concerned with the phenomenon of part-time workers performing similar types of jobs to full-time workers in the same workplace. We use data from Japan's Survey on Diversified Types of Employment to answer two questions. First, why are firms increasingly employing part-time workers in jobs traditionally offered to full-time workers? Second, what are the characteristics of the workers taking these jobs? As for the former, it is primarily service sector firms using this new work relationship. Interestingly, there is evidence that manufacturing firms are outsourcing in lieu of hiring domestic part-time workers. On a positive note, we find evidence that part-time workers are screened by firms for full-time jobs. As to the second question, the workers are primarily professionals working long hours. As an aside, based on our data we find no evidence that part-time workers are more likely to be involuntarily employed in full-time jobs than in non full-time jobs. J. Japanese Int. Economies 21 (4) (2007) 435–454.     

战后日本区域开发与法律支撑体系

战后的日本区域开发由政府主导,并建立了一套法律支撑体系。日本的区域开发战略经历了多个阶段的演化,但整体而言其区域开发政策遵循着公平优先于效率的原则,对欠发达地区的经济发展起到了极大的推动作用。但是,当日本经济进入长期萧条后,基于公平原则的均衡发展政策便凸显出资源配置非效率性的弊端,相关的法律支撑体系也面临着调整与转换。     

Women's higher education in Japan: Family background,economic factors,and the Equal Employment Opportunity Law

Since the mid-1980s there has been a striking increase in the propensity of young Japanese women to attend four-year universities. During this same period, the Japanese Diet, in 1985, passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Law, which focused on improving women's access to career employment. This paper uses micro-data from the Japanese Panel Survey on Consumers (JPSC) to investigate the importance of socio-economic and demographic factors, as well as the EEO Law, in determining the higher education decisions of young women in Japan.We find that one of the most important factors in determining whether or not a young woman attends university is whether or not her mother attended university. Other important factors we identify include whether or not her father attended university, whether or not the young woman attended juku in high school, family income, and attendance at private secondary school. Data limitations prevent drawing strong conclusions about the role of the passage of the EEO Law, but our results suggest that the passage of the law was associated with an increase in the propensity of young women to choose university over junior college.     

"神器"的黯然:日本终身雇佣制改革

20世纪90年代以来,日本经济曾陷入长期低迷,广受赞誉的日本企业雇佣管理制度——终身雇佣制也开始受到广泛质疑。面对激变的经营环境,日本企业开始纷纷推出改革举措,其主要特征是:引进绩效主义、彻底改革有日本经营"神器"之称的终身雇佣体制。经营环境决定企业的经营方式,日本企业的此次雇佣体制的制度创新尚处于初始阶段,终身雇佣制的"外壳"仍将继续存在一段时间。     

《劳动合同法》的制度创新与企业和谐劳动关系的构建

《劳动合同法》扩大了劳动者的保护范围;制约了劳动合同的短期化,鼓励企业与劳动者签订无固定期限劳动合同;对试用期、违约金和竞业限制的规定更加细化和明确;规范了劳务派遣用工制度。《劳动合同法》施行后,企业和谐劳动关系的构建需要广义劳动关系主体各方在守法前提下的共同努力。     

日本与美国产业结构变动的经济增长与就业效果比较

20世纪80年代末以来，美、日等发达国家的产业结构变动相继呈现出服务化、信息化趋势，直接影响到各国经济增长与就业的变化。在这轮以服务化和信息化为特征的产业结构调整中，日本明显落后于美国．围绕日本近年来的产业结构调整特征，在与美国对比的基础上，分析这一调整所带来的经济增长与就业效果，得出结论是：日本经济摆脱萧条困境的根本出路在于消除产业结构调整的体制障碍，加速产业结构调整．     

日本与欧盟资源型城市转型中的就业对策比较

从日本和欧盟等发达国家的经验来看,老工业基地资源型城市产业转型过程的最大障碍之一就是人口就业结构的转型。日本为减轻受煤炭产业衰退影响最大地区的就业压力,采取了软着陆的循序渐进的产业调整政策。根据各国的经济结构和能源结构采取积极发展替代产业的产业更新模式,并把老工业区资源型城市划入衰退产业区范畴,是欧盟区域经济政策的重要内容。我国东北地区要从构建社会主义和谐社会的战略高度,充分借鉴日本和欧盟资源型城市产业转型中促进就业的有益经验,解决好资源型城市就业问题。     

Revisiting the labor supply effect of social security earnings test: New evidence from its elimination and reinstatement in Japan

We explore the labor supply effect of the social security earnings test in Japan on those aged 65–69 years through a combined examination of the elimination of the earnings test in 1985 and its reinstatement in 2002. We present evidence showing that the effects of changes in the earnings tests on the labor supply of the elderly are not symmetric, controlling for changes in the attributes of workers and firms. The repeal of the earnings test in 1985 did affect the earnings distribution of the elderly (especially for male), while its reinstatement in 2002 did not alter the earnings distribution.     

"IT革命"与日本就业变化趋势

平成萧条期以来接连攀升的失业率打破了日本长期保持的“稳定雇佣神活”，终身雇佣制和年功序列制作为日本式经营的“三大法宝”中的两个，都开始发生了微妙而深刻的变化。这与IT革命的进展不无关系，本文探讨了IT革命对日本就业数量和结构的影响方式及途径，在此基础上论述了日本未来就业变化的6大趋势及其产生的经济与社会影响。     

Employment Effects of Offshoring across Sectors and Occupations in Japan

In the case of Japan, the studies conducted so far focus alone on firm‐level data and delve into the productivity effects and the skill upgrading between skilled and unskilled workers. Here, we carry out an empirical analysis of the employment effects of offshoring for Japanese industries on a broader classification of skills or occupations, while considering the three major sectors of the economy and taking account of both services and materials offshoring. The results suggest that various types of offshoring affect occupations differently. In particular, services offshoring tends to benefit highly skilled occupations more, while materials offshoring tends to benefit production workers instead.     

Dynamic model of childbearing and labor force participation of married women: Empirical evidence from Korea and Japan

The purpose of this study is the empirical investigation of childbirth behavior and labor-force participation of married women in South Korea and Japan. A dynamic discrete choice model is estimated using microdata from household surveys in South Korea and Japan. Estimation results suggest that: (1) only a second child is beneficial and others are not in the case of Korea, although any child is beneficial in the case of Japan; (2) nursing a newborn is considerably costly; (3) without considering an earnings effect, low-earnings jobs are costly in both countries, although high-earnings jobs are beneficial in Japan; and (4) the probability of finding a full-time position for married women after career interruption is estimated as 5–28%.     

从"奥肯定律失灵"看少数民族人口就业问题

"奥肯定律"在中国存在着失灵现象,即高的经济增长率同时伴随着高的失业率.在"奥肯定律失灵"背景下,少数民族人口就业问题就更为突出.为了解决少数民族人口就业难问题,应发展教育,提高人口质量;调整和优化产业结构;改变人口就业结构的不合理性和经济增长方式.     

The link between unemployment and labor force participation rates in Japan: A regional perspective

This paper explores the co-integrating relationship between unemployment and the labor force participation rate in Japan from a regional perspective. The univariate co-integration tests indicate that the “no co-integration” hypothesis cannot be rejected in Northern-Kanto, Hokuriku and Kyusyu. Because the univariate co-integration approach might suffer from low power we employed a panel version of the co-integration test recently developed by Westerlund (2006) that also considers the possibility of multiple structural breaks in the level of individual co-integrating equations. The test results lend support for an overwhelmingly long-run relationship between the two variables across regions. Accordingly, this finding is not in line with the unemployment invariance hypothesis. As a result a nationally orientated employment policy aimed at improving the unemployment and labor force participation rates might be preferred over a region-specific employment policy in Japan.     

新疆当前就业形势及存在问题分析

充分就业是全面建设小康社会的一个重要目标。2006年新疆就业形势好于往年,但劳动力充分就业的需求与劳动力总量增加的矛盾突出;劳动者素质与就业需求不相适应的结构性矛盾突出;大中专毕业生尤其是少数民族毕业生就业形势依然严峻。针对这些问题,本文提出了一些解决新疆就业问题的对策建议。     

孵化网络多元性对在孵企业创业机会开发的影响研究——二元学习的中介作用

孵化网络为在孵企业提供了大量异质性资源获取通道，也对其资源利用能力提出了新的要求，能否有效利用孵化网络的多元性优势在一定程度上决定着在孵企业机会开发的成败。文章将二元学习作为网络资源转化为在孵企业创业机会开发的中间路径，构建孵化网络多元性、二元学习与在孵企业创业机会开发关系的概念模型并提出研究假设，结合256份有效调研数据对概念模型与假设进行检验。结果表明：孵化网络多元性对探索性学习和创新型机会开发的影响大于对利用性学习和均衡型机会开发的影响；与利用性学习相比，探索性学习对创新型机会开发的影响更大、对均衡型机会开发的影响则较小；探索性学习与利用性学习均对孵化网络多元性与创新型机会开发和孵化网络多元性与均衡型机会开发间关系有中介作用。研究结论对指导在孵企业学习能力培育与机会开发策略选择有重要借鉴意义。     

Wage Effects of Employment Protection Legislation in Taiwan

This study investigates the effects of employment protection on wages. The implementation of employment protection legislation increases employers' firing costs and reduces labor turnover, and, therefore, results in lower wages. Our empirical results show that the implementation of Taiwan's leads to a reduction in wages, the effects of which varies with the stringency of the law's enforcement. In addition, employment protection can lead to a decrease in wage dispersion, implying the worsening of job matches.     

汇率升值对就业影响的中日比较

关于就业问题,以往的研究主要从就业总量与就业结构两个角度进行探讨,本文对就业结构的研究进行了拓展,在实证研究中引入汇率,运用协整和误差修正模型对日中两国实际汇率与第三产业产值比重和就业比重之间的关系进行了国别比较。实证结果表明,从长期看日本第三产业就业比重上升与实际汇率升值正相关,而中国的相应变量间不存在类似长期关系。比较分析得出结论:只有在汇率适度浮动,资源在部门间流动壁垒减少这两个条件满足时,汇率升值才会产生资源配置作用,推动劳动向非贸易部门转移,逐步优化就业结构。     

鱼和熊掌不可兼得？角色冲突-增益视角下女性创业者的机会识别过程研究

随着全球女性创业者数量增多，女性创业者成为了创业领域研究的热点。不少研究指出女性创业具有鲜明的行业特征，但性别与机会识别之间的关系尚未深入探究。女性的创业行为是嵌入到家庭关系之中的。因此，文章尝试探讨在角色冲突的情境下角色增益对女性创业者机会识别过程的作用机理。通过长期跟踪一家女性创业企业，发现工作与家庭角色增益有利于女性创业者识别机会。在创业过程中，角色内容共情有助于女性创业者发现机会，角色期待满足则有利于构建机会。本文结论对机会理论、角色理论和女性创业者研究与实践都有一定的启发。